Terms: machines
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- Machines
- Simple Machines (Museum of Science)
Provides elements of machines, such as gears. 12-01
- Simple Machines Lesson (Museum of Science)
Provides a lesson for children to explore simple machines. 12-01
- Simple Machines Explained (Kranz)
Describes simple machines, such as levers. 12-01
- Simple Machines Projects (Teachers.net)
Provides simple projects to understand levers, pulleys, screws, wedges, and more. 12-01
- Simple Machines Explained (Baton, McKiernan, and Polidoro)
Provides simple projects to understand levers, pulleys, screws, wedges, and more. 12-01
- Simple Machines Explained (Candelora)
"This is a series of experiments about simple machines: levers, wheels and inclined planes. This unit was designed for use in the third grade." 12-01
- Simple Machines and Newton's Laws (Northern Essex Community College - Merrimack River Valley Investigations in Science Project)
Describes Newton's Law of Motion, as well as his First Law, Second Law, and Third Law. Applies the laws to simple machines. 12-01
- Sewing Machines - How Sewing Machines Work (HowStuffWorks.com)
Shows how a sewing machine works. 2-02
- Simple Machines and How They Work (Edheads.org)
Describes simple machines for children. 1-03
- -11-04-04 Fraud Alleged With Voting Machines (BlackBoxVoting.org)
"Black Box Voting has taken the position that fraud took place in the 2004 election through electronic voting machines. We base this on hard evidence, documents obtained in public records requests, inside information, and other data indicative of manipulation of electronic voting systems. What we do not know is the specific scope of the fraud. We are working now to compile the proof, based not on soft evidence -- red flags, exit polls -- but core documents obtained by Black Box Voting in the most massive Freedom of Information action in history." 11-04
- Editorial - Electronic Voting Machines Are Not Secure (USA Today)
Suggests that a paper trail should be required for auditing puposes. Also makes a second suggestion:
"Make the machines' software available to anyone to see. Far from being a security risk, by allowing thousands of people to view the code, any potential problems could be found and the systems made more secure. This is the same way open-source software works, and the same way encryption technology does — the way it works should not be a secret. In fact, the more people who look at it, the more secure it becomes; 10 thousand people looking for holes are more likely to find them than a small group of programmers."
"Face facts: Today's electronic voting machines are unreliable and unsecure." 11-04
- 11-18-04 Study: Insufficient Voting Machines Disenfranchised Voters in Ohio (Wikipedia.org)
"Prior to the election, there was much ado about each precinct getting enough ballots, but an equally serious matter that seems to have been overlooked by people trying to protect people's right to vote is whether the precints had a sufficient number of voting machines, such that the votes could be proccessed at a sufficient rate. Machine quantity as well as ballot quantity determines the saturation point of votes. Number of machines * Max. votes per hour per machine * hours poll is open = max. number of votes precinct is able to process. Every voter over this limit is effectively disenfranchised, just as if the precint had run out of ballots; the precinct runs out of voter-time-slots."
"Although low population precincts had relatively plenty of voting machines and were well within the limits of processing capacity, high-population centers often did not, and sometimes had less than half the machines requested and were well outside the limits of processing capacity, effectively disenfranchisng an undetermined number of voters."
"This may explain the discrepancy between expected voter turnout in high-population areas and counted voter turnout in these areas. Since high-population areas are predominantely Democratic, this would primarily effect the Democratic constituency, and appear on the surface to reflect inefficacy in the Democratic GOTV effort. It is entirely possible, and arguably - from the empirical evidence - probable, that the vote did get out, but the polling places, due to lack of machines and/or staff, were not able to processs the full vote-load."
"140 such incidents (over 1/7 of the national total) are from Cuyahoga County, Ohio [14]." 11-04
- -12-23-04 Bush Gains Mysterious 5% From E-Touch Machines (NewsTarget.com)
"Or, put another way, all the exit polls showed Kerry winning, and the exit polls asked people who they actually voted for. But strangely, the 'official' count appears to have been boosted in favor of Bush."
"How was it boosted?"
"Another burning question is surfacing: if this was such a record turnaround, with long lines all over the country, where did all the votes go? Because the vote totals don't show much of a difference from the 2000 election. It's as if a few million votes just vanished..." 12-04
- Problems with Electronic Voting Machines - "Myth Breakers" (VotersUnite.org)
Provides a discussion of the key problems with electronic voting. 3-05
- -10-01-04 E-Touch Machines Fail (Wired.com)
" 'If election officials admit that the standards and certification process are bad, then public confidence in elections is threatened (and) participation in elections will go down,' Jones said. 'So the question is, do you talk about this? The answer seems to be, for a lot of people in the election community, no.' " 11-04
- Voting Machines Study (CalTech-MIT)
"This report examines the use of voting equipment and the incidence of spoiled and unmarked ballots associated with that equipment. We call the rate of spoiled and unmarked ballots the residual vote rate. The residual vote rate is not a pure measure of voter error. If voting technologies are not producing voter mistakes or confusion, the residual vote rate should be unrelated to equipment. The study covers election results from over 2700 counties and municipalities in the 1988, 1992, 1996, and 2000 presidential elections." 3-05
- Problems with Electronic Voting Machines - "Myth Breakers" Summary (VotersUnite.org)
Provides a discussion of the key problems with electronic voting. 3-05
- Essay - Paperless Voting Machines Corrupted the Results (BartCop.com)
"My preference would be that you read my argument from the viewpoint of a member of a Grand Jury being presented with a summary set of facts. You are being asked to decide whether or not they indicate enough of a possibility of wrong doing to warrant issuing an indictment and conducting a full and thorough official and public investigation."
"Secretaries of State and local election officials certify vote counting software based solely on [Shaun] Southworth’s say so. They do no independent examination or testing of the code themselves beyond simple logic and accuracy tests which security experts have called completely inadequate to the task of ensuring the software to be safe, secure and accurate. In essence this means that outside of the programmers who actually write the code, there is only one person in the entire US who has had access to the code and he is at best a shadowy figure who is dependent for his livelihood on the companies whose products he tests and certifies."
"In many states (including AZ), a legal recount consists only of running the ballots back through the same central tabulator."
"In the 2002 midterm election, there were fourteen House and Senate races across the U.S. where Democratic candidates were leading in the last pre-election polls by margins of 4 to 10 points. The votes in all those races were counted on either ES&S or Diebold optical scan or touchscreen systems. In all fourteen races the Republican candidate won by 3-7 percentage points. Republican control of the House and Senate were decided by these races. In the case of Senator Max Cleland of Georgia who was defeated by Saxy Chambliss, it took a sixteen point swing."
Editor's Note: The tone of this article is very partisan. 4-05
- Stewart v. Blackwell Decision on Ohio Voting Machines (USCourts.gov)
The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit REVERSED the decision of United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio at Akron. "The [District] court stated that: 'When coupled with the previously referenced de minimis affects of the punch card ballots, these facts do not allow this Court to conclude that an 'actual' denial of the right to vote on account of race occurs.' "Finally, the court concluded that 'the operation of different voting systems by different counties within the same state does not amount to a violation of the Equal Protection Clause.' ”
"Relying heavily on Justice Souter’s dissenting opinion in Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98, 134 (2000) (Souter, J., dissenting), the district court concluded that states may freely use a variety of different voting technologies without running afoul of the Equal Protection Clause. Further, the court concluded that the defendants have a rational basis for continuing to utilize punch card technology in that it is cost effective and there are security concerns with electronic technology." 04-06
- -05-30-06 Test of Software in Elections Machines Renews Security Concerns (Washington Post)
"The latest dispute occurred several weeks ago after it was discovered at a test in Utah that someone with a reasonable knowledge of computer code could gain access to and tamper with the system software on a popular brand of voting machine manufactured by Diebold Election Systems. The developments prompted California and Pennsylvania to send urgent warnings to counties that use Diebold's touch-screen voting systems to take additional steps to secure them." 05-06
- -Editorial: Lou Dobbs Reports on Threat to Democracy Posed by Voting Machines (BradBlog.com)
Dobbs points out that many of our voting machines are owned by foreign companies and such ownership is not in any way reviewed by our federal government. The software that runs the machines is proprietary and cannot be examined to determine what it does when it counts the votes. 06-06
- -Debate: Should Voters Trust Electronic Voting Machines? (VoterAction.org)
The Voter Action Co-Director debates with the Election Assistance Commission Director. 06-06
- -06-27-06 Study: 80% of Voting Machines Are Vulnerable (USA Today)
"Most of the electronic voting machines widely adopted since the disputed 2000 presidential election 'pose a real danger to the integrity of national, state and local elections,' a report out Tuesday concludes."
"There are more than 120 security threats to the three most commonly purchased electronic voting systems, the study by the Brennan Center for Justice says. For what it calls the most comprehensive review of its kind, the New York City-based non-partisan think tank convened a task force of election officials, computer scientists and security experts to study e-voting vulnerabilities." 06-06
- Study: Dobbs Reports that Voting Machines Are Not Secure (BradBlog.com)
Lou Dobbs goes over the Brennan Center's comprehensive report on over 100 ways the three most commonly used electronic voting machines can be manipulated to change the overall results of an election--by one person. 06-06
- -06-27-06 Study: 80% of Voting Machines Are Vulnerable (BrennanCenter.org)
Provides an Executive Summary of the report by the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law. 06-06
- -07-11-06 Studies: Election Machines Reform Essential (CommonCause.org)
"This report surveys four major studies that reviewed DRE voting machine security and reliability. Two of the reports involved extensive review of more than 80 academic, technical, and industry reports on DREs. Each report concluded DRE machines to be vulnerable to malfunction and also to tampering in which a computer-savvy hacker with minimal access to the machine could introduce malicious code to the DRE software and change the results of an election. Such manipulation could be undetectable. In machines equipped with a modem, it could even be done from a remote location.” 07-06
- -Editorial: No-Confidence Vote Earned by Machines (Atlanta-Journal Constitution - Bob Barr)
"A recent, 150-page report by the nonpartisan Brennan Center for Justice at New York University Law School concluded that because there are no comprehensive standards for electronic voting machines, and given the demonstrated potential problems inherent in such devices, all states ought to take certain steps to enhance security and minimize opportunity for fraud , including:
• Automatic and routine audits, with voter-verified paper records, in every election.
• Random selection of voting machines on election days for testing and examination for possible software attacks or viruses.
• Banning of wireless components in all voting machines." 08-06
- -10-28-06 U.S. Investigating Venezuela Influence on Electronic Voting Machines (New York Times)
"The federal government is investigating the takeover last year of a leading American manufacturer of electronic voting systems by a small software company that has been linked to the leftist Venezuelan government of President Hugo Chávez." 10-06
- -11-06-06 New Voting Machines Bode Trouble (Wall Street Journal)
"When Americans go to vote tomorrow, a new breed of activist will be on guard, monitoring polling stations for everything from voting-machine glitches to long lines to registration snafus." 11-06
- Green Machines (MSNBC News)
Provides stories on the newest environmentally friendly machines. 11-06
- -11-29-06 Commissioners Want New Voting Machines (Cleveland Plain Dealer)
"Ohio received $130 million from the federal government under the Help America Vote Act, with nearly $18 million going to Cuyahoga County to purchase 5,407 touch screen machines and the 20 scanners."
"Commissioners spent another $5.4 million to buy 900 more touch-screen machines and other equipment because election officials were concerned that they didn't have enough to handle a large voter turnout." 11-06
- -01-03-07 Voting Machines Testers Decertified (New York Times)
"A laboratory that has tested most of the nation’s electronic voting systems has been temporarily barred from approving new machines after federal officials found that it was not following its quality-control procedures and could not document that it was conducting all the required tests." 01-07
- -08-15-07 Study: Dan Rather Reports on Paperless Voting Machines (HD.net)
Provides Dan Rather's report on faulty paperless voting machines. He provides the surprising revelation that Sequoia, a company that provided paper ballots for the Florida 2000 election, especially Palm Beach, provided faulty paper and specifications that were known to cause problems with chads. A transcript of the show is available here: Transcript. 08-07
- -12-25-07 New Proton Machines for Combating Cancer (New York Times)
"The machines accelerate protons to nearly the speed of light and shoot them into tumors. Scientists say proton beams are more precise than the X-rays now typically used for radiation therapy, meaning fewer side effects from stray radiation and, possibly, a higher cure rate."
"X-rays, which are high-energy electromagnetic waves, pass through the body, depositing their energy all along the way, not just in the tumor. By contrast, protons — subatomic particles with a positive electrical charge — can be made to stop on the tumor and dump most of their payload there." 12-07
- -07-01-08 Editorial: An Argument for Lever Machines (OPEDNews.com)
"In my analysis, the lever machine deserves recognition as one of the most astonishing achievements of American technological genius, a fact that is reflected in their continued competitiveness against recent voting technologies in every accepted performance measure. With as many as 28,000 parts, their mechanisms reflect an agonizingly difficult period of development, spanning more than twenty years (1888-1919) in which interlocking mechanisms had to be developed that were capable of dealing with the enormous complexity and variety of American elections. The result was a machine that captures in its immutable mechanical operations the voting rules that the American people, in their wisdom, developed in order to capture the will of the people." 06-08
- 08-25-08 Programming Error Found in Nationally Used Voting Machines (Washington Post)
"A voting system used in 34 states contains a critical programming error that can cause votes to be dropped while being electronically transferred from memory cards to a central tallying point, the manufacturer acknowledges."
"The problem was identified after complaints from Ohio elections officials following the March primary there, but the logic error that is the root of the problem has been part of the software for 10 years, said Chris Riggall, a spokesman for Premier Election Solutions, formerly known as Diebold." 08-08
- -11-03-08 ES&S Voting Machines Can Be Hacked (Wired.com)
"Touchscreen voting machines at the center of recent vote-flipping reports can be easily and maliciously recalibrated in the field to favor one candidate in a race, according to a report prepared by computer scientists for the state of Ohio." 11-08
- -German Federal Court Rejects Voting Machines (Bundes-Verfassungs-Ggericht)
"However, the Federal Voting Machines Ordinance (Bundeswahlgeräteverordnung) is unconstitutional because it does not ensure that only such voting machines are permitted and used which meet the constitutional requirements of the principle of the public nature of elections. According to the decision of the Federal Constitutional Court, the computer-controlled voting machines used in the election of the 16th German Bundestag did not meet the requirements which the constitution places on the use of electronic voting machines."
Editor's Note: Voting machines were rejected because they did not allow public scrutiny of the individual ballots. This standard would also be relevant to voting machines in other countries, such as the United States. 03-09
- Simple Machines Projects (AppliancePartsPros.com)
Provides projects and lesson plans. 10-09
- Election 2000 - Florida Hand Recounts Favor Democrats (AltaVista - washingtonpost.com)
Describes how the punch type voting machines in counties with larger populations results in more uncounted votes because of the buildup of chads in the machines. Democrats have gained more votes in the counties with larger populations, such as Palm Beach and Miami-Dade, and so they will benefit more from recounts compared to Republicans. 11-00
- Types of Airplanes (About.com - Bowles)
Provides information by type of plane. 3-01
- Flywheel Energy Storage - High Speed (PowerPulse.net)
Explains how a high speed flywheel, made with composites, stores electrical energy. Flywheels may be an alternative to batteries for storage.
- Flywheel Energy Storage - Formulas (Fradella)
Provides formulas for developing an effective flywheel for storing electrical energy. Regenerative braking in cars or electric bikes is a variation on the concept.
- Flywheel Energy Storage (NASA Power and Propulsion Office)
Explains how a flywheel stores electrical energy and includes diagrams. Flywheels may be an alternative to batteries for storage. Regenerative braking in cars or electric bikes is a variation on the concept. Focuses on aerospace use.
- Flywheel Energy Storage - Composites (ASPES)
Lighter weight composites, such as carbon fiber, are considered desirable because energy storage is more influenced by speed of rotation than mass. Composites can be designed to be safe if they ever fail. Instead of having a sharp object (such as steel) penetrate the housing, a long fiber of carbon could be designed to just unravel--and not penetrate the housing. Also discusses the most cost-effective bearings to use. 1-02
- Flywheel Energy Storage - Rotor Construction (Portland State University - Bakis)
Discusses construction of a flywheel using composite materials. 1-02
- Flywheel Demonstration Unit (Hi-Tech Scientific)
Provides a small flywheel apparatus for demonstrations in classrooms. Awesome Library does not endorse the product, but provides it as an example. 1-02
- Flywheel Energy Storage - Benefits (Rayner)
"In order to optimize the energy-to-mass ratio, the flywheel needs to spin at the maximum possible speed. This is because kinetic energy only increases linearly with Mass but goes as the square of the rotational speed." Tensile strength is therefore more important than density. 1-02
- Flywheels (Kenyon)
Provides gyroscopic stabilizers that possibly could be used to stabilize bikes (instead of the use of three wheels). Awesome Library does not endorse the product, but provides it as an example. 1-02
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[Dr. Jerry Adams at jadams@awesomelibrary.org.]
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