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Specific Results

1. Iraq - Maps Related to Inspections by UN (CNN)
   Provides interactive maps of sites under controversy.

2. Iraq History (About.com - Rosenberg)
   Provides sources of information. 2-01

3. View - Iraq Would Not Start a War With the USA (CNN)
   "It's unlikely Iraqi President Saddam Hussein would use weapons of mass destruction against the United States unless his country were attacked, a leading U.S. senator on defense policy said Saturday." 5-02

4. Presidential Advisor Urges Restraint With Iraq (WashingtonPost.com - Mufson)
   "Leading members of Congress and a key adviser to President Bush took the debate over whether to invade Iraq to television talk shows yesterday, with retired Gen. Brent Scowcroft, chairman of the president's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, strongly urging restraint."
   
   "While acknowledging that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was trying to become a threat to the region, Scowcroft, on CBS's 'Face the Nation,' warned that a U.S. invasion of Iraq 'could turn the whole region into a cauldron and, thus, destroy the war on terrorism.' " 8-02

5. Iraqi Opposition Leaders (BBC News)
   Describes groups and leaders who may play a role in any attempt to overthrow Saddam Hussein as leader of Iraq. "US-led action against Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq would likely involve the help of internal and external opponents of the regime." 8-02

6. Leaders Warn About Invasion of Iraq (MSNBC)
   "Former Secretary of State James Baker became latest member of former President George H. W. Bush’s administration to express reservations about a U.S. attack on Iraq Sunday and encouraged the the White House to build an international coalition." "A number of other influential Republicans — including former national security adviser Brent Scowcroft and outgoing House of Representatives Majority Leader Dick Armey — have questioned both the need for and the consequences of a pre-emptive U.S. attack."
   
   "Scowcroft, who remains close to the former President Bush, wrote in The Wall Street Journal that attacking Iraq would distract the United States from the war on terrorism. Washington’s European and Arab allies and friends are almost universally opposed to military action." 8-02

7. Bush Aides Claim No Iraq War Vote Needed (MSNBC News - Allen and Eilperin)
   "Lawyers for President Bush have concluded he can launch an attack on Iraq without new approval from Congress, in part because they say that permission remains in force from the 1991 resolution giving Bush’s father authority to wage war in the Persian Gulf, according to administration officials." 8-02

8. Key Questions in Iraq Debate (BB News - Hardy)
   "As an American attack on Iraq has grown more likely, an intense public debate has got under way among Republican commentators, many of them veterans of previous administrations." "What is at stake is not only the future shape of the Middle East, but in all probability the future of US foreign policy." 8-02

9. Debate on Intervention in Iraq (PBS.org)
   Provides both sides of the debate on whether the USA should make a "first strike" military attack against Iraq. 8-02

10. European and Middle East Leaders Alarmed by Bush Administration's Position on Iraq (CNN - Oakley)
    Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak said '' 'If you strike Iraq and kill the people of Iraq while Palestinians are being killed by Israel... then not one Arab leader will be able to control the angry outburst of the masses.' " In addition, European nations "have noted with alarm what they see as growing unilateralist attitudes in the U.S.," according to Oakley. "Even the United States' staunchest ally in Europe [the UK] still prefers the diplomatic course to the military one at this stage." 9-02

11. Global Outcry Against US Attack on Iraq (Guardian - Watt, Norton-Taylor, and Ward)
    "Alarmed by growing rhetoric from leading hawks in Washington, key countries from China to Saudi Arabia warned of the devastating consequences of a US-led assault against Iraq." 8-02

12. UN Oil-for-Food Program for Iraq (Transnational Foudation for Peace and Future Research - Harleman)
    "To sum up, in 10 years, the UN sanctions against Iraq have transformed a nearly fully developed country into a developing one. The 'Oil-for-Food' Programme has not become the solution to the problem - it has become the problem itself." 9-02

13. Justification for War With Iraq Now (TruthOut.org)
    Provides the position that the USA should make a pre-emptive strike against Iraq soon. 9-02

14. Justification for War With Iraq Now (MSNBC News - Warrick)
    "The United States and Britain have charged that the Iraqi president is working to obtain chemical, biological and possibly nuclear weapons. A key unanswered question is whether Iraq has the means to deliver such weapons."
    
     "The unknowns are critical, because they bear directly on the central question in the Iraq debate: whether Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction pose a significant threat to the United States and its allies." 9-02

15. Iraq

16. Misinterpretation of Report on Nuclear Capacity in Iraq (MSNBC)
    "Seeking to build a case Saturday that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was developing weapons of mass destruction, President Bush cited a satellite photograph and a report by the U.N. atomic energy agency as evidence of Iraq’s impending rearmament. But in response to a report by NBC News, a senior administration official acknowledged Saturday night that the U.N. report drew no such conclusion, and a spokesman for the U.N. agency said the photograph had been misinterpreted."
    
    "And both leaders [President Bush and British Prime Minister Blair] mentioned a 1998 report by the U.N.-affiliated International Atomic Energy Agency that said Saddam could be six months away from developing nuclear weapons."
    
    "Contrary to Bush’s claim, however, the 1998 IAEA report did not say that Iraq was six months from developing nuclear capability, NBC News’ Robert Windrem reported Saturday."
    
     "Instead, Windrem reported, the Vienna, Austria-based agency said in 1998 that Iraq had been six to 24 months away from such capability before the 1991 Persian Gulf War and the U.N.-monitored weapons inspections that followed."
    
      "The war and the inspections destroyed much of Iraq’s nuclear infrastructure and required Iraq to turn over its highly enriched uranium and plutonium, Windrem reported."
    
     "In a summary of its 1998 report, the IAEA said that 'based on all credible information available to date ... the IAEA has found no indication of Iraq having achieved its programme goal of producing nuclear weapons or of Iraq having retained a physical capability for the production of weapon-useable nuclear material or having clandestinely obtained such material.' ” 9-02

17. Bush Administration Urges Action Against Iraq (CNN News)
    Provides arguments by Bush administration officials for taking action, possibly military intervention, against Iraq. Officials noted that Iraq had recently attempted to gain metal cylinders believed to be useful primarily for developing nuclear fuel. 9-02

18. Middle Class in Iraq Eliminated (BBC News - Ghattas)
    "Iraq's middle class has been almost completely wiped out while poverty is spreading and people with close ties to the regime are becoming richer."
    
    "With the US planning a military strike against Iraq, Iraqis feel the future now looks even more uncertain." 9-02

19. Report Speculates About Iraq Military Possibilities (CNN News - Goldberg)
    Summarizes a report from the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) on possible military capabilities of Iraq. The co-author of the report, Gary Samore, speculates on how long it might take Iraq to acquire nuclear weapons. Samore also speculates that Iraq could have already stockpiled chemical or biological weapons. The author discusses Iraq's ability to attack other countries with weapons of mass destruction.
    
    9-02

20. Questions and Answers Regarding War With Iraq (BBC News - Reynolds)
    "As US President George Bush discusses the situation in Iraq with domestic and world leaders, BBC News Online's world affairs correspondent Paul Reynolds examines the issues which are leading towards a US-led war against Saddam Hussein and possible outcomes." BBC News is British. 9-02

21. World Views of an American War Against Iraq (World Press)
    Provides views from different cities of the world about a war initiated by the USA against Iraq. Includes the cities of Nairobi, Christchurch, Sydney, Bridgetown, Singapore, Cairo, Mexico City, Stockholm, Sofia, Beijing, Colombo, Karachi, Paris, Manama, Lagos, and São Paulo." 9-02

22. Bush Asks for U.N. Support on Iraq (BBC News)
    "US President George W Bush has made his case against Iraq in a key address to the United Nations. " Lists the key points from the speech. 9-02

23. Poll - Americans Do Not Want America to Attack Iraq Alone (CBS News)
    Provides results of a poll that finds that while Americans "approve of U.S. military action to try to remove him [Saddam], and believe war against Iraq is inevitable, most would prefer to wait -- for the U.N. to try to get weapons inspectors back into Iraq, for President Bush to get the approval of Congress, and for U.S. allies to join in." 9-02

24. Russia Fears U.S. Control of Iraq Oil (Independent - Buncombe)
    "With the second-biggest reserves in the world, Iraq's underdeveloped oilfields have become a key negotiating chip and a backdrop to talks between the US and the other permanent members of the UN Security Council – all of which have major economic stakes in regime change in Iraq." 9-02

25. Key Stories and Facts Related to War with Iraq (CBC News)
    Provides in-depth articles from a Canadian perspective. 10-02

26. Positions of Iraq's Neighbors Regarding an American Attack (CBC News)
    Summarizes the positions of the countries surrounding Iraq. 10-02

27. Bradbury Against Unilateral Action in Iraq (Bradbury2002.com)
    Provides Bill Bradbury's arguments against unilateral action by the USA against Iraq. Bradbury ran and lost against Gordon Smith for U.S. Senator from Oregon. Senator Smith voted for President Bush's resolution in the Senate. President Bush's resolution, which was passed by Congress, allows the President to initiate warfare against Iraq without support from the U.N. or other countries.
    
    According to Bradbury, "Prudent and decisive action in collaboration with our allies and the United Nations is the best way to achieve long-term national security. A preemptive, unilateral attack merely demonstrates America's power. A measured, well-deliberated international response demonstrates America's strength."
    
    President Bush's resolution "authorizes preemptive, unilateral action that threatens to undermine the very support from the international community that is essential to confronting the threat posed by Saddam Hussein and maintaining international support for the war against terrorism."
    
    "General Wesley Clark, former Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Europe recently noted, a premature, go-it-alone invasion of Iraq 'would super-charge recruiting for Al Qaida.' Preemptive, unilateral military action could galvanize a new generation of suicide bombers that would threaten the United States and our allies. Further, a preemptive, unilateral invasion of Iraq, without UN support, would set an exceptionally dangerous precedent for the conduct of international affairs in the 21st Century. Any nation could justify attacking its neighbors." 10-02

28. U.N. Approves US Resolution on Iraq (Bloomberg.com)
    "The United Nations Security Council voted 15-0 to adopt a U.S. resolution demanding that Iraq agree to unrestricted arms inspections, ending a two- month debate over how to rid Saddam Hussein's regime of weapons of mass destruction." "It gives the council a chance to assess the seriousness of any Iraqi violation and to consider how to respond, a concession to France and Russia that means the U.S. wouldn't make that decision alone."
    
    "Hussein is unlikely to allow unfettered inspections, increasing the chances for war, British officials said. Forcing Iraq to give inspectors complete access to palaces and government workers would weaken Hussein's grip on power, making it unlikely he will comply, said the officials, who asked not to be identified."
    
    "Under the resolution, Iraq would be required to give the Security Council a full report of its biological, chemical and nuclear weapons programs 30 days from today. Full inspections, including access to presidential sites suspected of producing weapons of mass destruction, would begin no more than 15 days later and Blix would file a progress report 60 days after that."
    
    "Any Iraqi interference is to be reported to the Security Council, which would 'convene immediately.' ''

29. U.N. Resolution on Iraq (CNN)
    Provides the text of the U.N. resolution on Iraq (1441) regarding U.N. inspections for weapons of mass destruction. Editor's Note - U.N. resolution 1441 states:
    
    "False statements or omissions in the declarations submitted by Iraq pursuant to this resolution and failure by Iraq at any time to comply with, and co-operate fully in the implementation of this resolution, shall constitute a further material breach of Iraq's obligations and will be reported to the Council for assessment." 11-02

30. Essays - After Winning the War in Iraq (The Atlantic - Fallows)
    Describes the obligations that the USA will have after a war with Iraq. Also challenges some basic assumptions about why the USA should go to war with Iraq.
    
    "I ended up thinking that the Nazi analogy paralyzes the debate about Iraq rather than clarifying it. Like any other episode in history, today's situation is both familiar and new. In the ruthlessness of the adversary it resembles dealing with Adolf Hitler. But Iraq, unlike Germany, has no industrial base and few military allies nearby."
    
    "As a rule, the strongest advocates of pre-emptive attack [against Iraq], within the government and in the press, had neither served in the military nor lived in Arab societies. Military veterans and Arabists were generally doves." 11-30-02

31. Essay - Unintended Consquences of Attacking Iraq (AntiWar.com - Paul)
    "It seems the obsession about Iraq's improbable possession of nuclear weapons far exceeds the more realistic possibility that our pre-emptive strike against Iraq may precipitate a nuclear exchange between these two countries [India and Pakistan], or even a first strike with nuclear weapons by Israel against Iraq." 11-30-02

32. Essay - Alternative to War in Iraq (OpenDemocracy.net - Jabar)
    "In all the decades of struggle and international lobbying, one approach has never been tried: a meaningful political process to disengage the various components of the regime from each other." 12-02

33. Positions of Different Countries Regarding War With Iraq (Time.com)
    Analyzes the positions of a dozen countries regarding a USA-led war with Iraq. 12-02

34. Timetable for Iraq (BBC News)
    "The UN Security Council resolution on Iraq gave a timeframe of up to 15 weeks for a final verdict on whether or not Baghdad is developing weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles." 12-02

35. U.N. Resolution Regarding Iraq and Weapons (BBC News)
    Provides "Extracts from the resolution on Iraq voted through unanimously at the United Nations Security Council." 12-02

36. Timing for the Push Against Iraq (CNN)
    The Bush administration claims that it did not advocate for a war with Iraq just before the 2002 elections for the purpose of political gain. The record is not so clear and adversaries claim that the talk of war was for political gain.
    
    "What's the political convenience? Strategist Dick Morris spelled it out in a recent column: 'Polls show that only one issue works in Bush's favor: terrorism.' '' 12-02

37. Peace Activists Go to Iraq (UnitedforPeace.org - San Francisco Chronicle - Collier)
    "With war perhaps just weeks away, activists such as Boardman have been coming to Iraq, and some say they will stay even if the bombs start to fall and American soldiers fight their way through the streets of Baghdad. They are here, they insist, not to support the regime of Saddam Hussein -- 'He's an evil man,' says Boardman -- but to remind the world of the damage a war can bring."
    
    "Their presence angers critics who regard activists like Boardman as propaganda dupes of a totalitarian regime. " 12-02

38. Scientists in Iraq (BBC News - Westcott)
    Describes a few of Hussein's top scientists. "Saddam Hussein's top scientists may hold the key to the secrets of Iraq's weapons programmes, but tracking them down and interviewing them is posing one of the biggest challenges to weapons inspectors." 12-02

39. Cost of War With Iraq (CNN - Bash)
    "The White House is downplaying published reports of an estimated $50 billion to $60 billion price tag for a war with Iraq, saying it is 'impossible' to estimate the cost at this time. " 1-03

40. No Nuclear Weapons Program Found in Iraq (CNN)
    "The U.N. agency searching for evidence of a nuclear weapons program in Iraq said Monday that so far it has not found evidence of one." 1-03

41. 1-11-03 Atomic Agency Challenges Bush's Key Claim Against Iraq (International Herald Tribune)
    "The key piece of evidence that President George W. Bush has cited as proof that Saddam Hussein has sought to revive his program to make nuclear weapons has been challenged by the International Atomic Energy Agency."
    
    "But Mohamed ElBaradei, director of the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, offered a sharply different assessment in a report to the UN Security Council. ElBaradei said Iraqi officials had claimed that they sought the tubes to make 81-mm rockets. ElBaradei indicated that he thought the Iraqi claim was credible." 1-03

42. Fueling War - Oil and Iraq (Christian Science Monitor - Francis)
    "With the cold war over, more global conflicts are being spurred by a scramble for natural resources rather than by geopolitics, and poor countries rich in mineral deposits are the new focal point." "Altogether, about a quarter of the roughly 50 wars and armed conflicts active in 2001 had 'a strong resource dimension,' says Michael Renner, a senior researcher with Worldwatch Institute in Washington." 1-03

43. Fueling War - Oil and Iraq (CommonDreams.org - Klare)
    "As the United States gears up for an invasion of Iraq, the great unanswered question continues to be: Why is the Bush Administration so determined to topple a government that has been effectively contained by American power for eleven years?"
    
    "Growing worries about the stability of Saudi Arabia, principal US supplier there, heightened by revelations of Saudi extremists' involvement in the September 11 terror attacks, have prompted US strategists to seek a backup should future instability lead to a drop in Saudi oil production, which could trigger a global recession." "With proven reserves of 112 billion barrels of oil (compared with 49 billion for Russia and 15 billion for the Caspian states), Iraq alone can serve as a backup for Saudi Arabia. At the same time, control over Iraqi oil would allow US leaders to more easily ignore Saudi demands for US action on behalf of the Palestinians and would weaken OPEC's control over oil prices."
    
    "Whoever gains possession of these fields will exercise enormous influence over the global energy markets of the twenty-first century."
    
    "This could prove to be the biggest oil grab in modern history, providing hundreds of billions of dollars to US oil firms--many linked to senior officials in the Bush Administration--and helping to avert a future energy crunch in the United States. But is oil worth spilling the blood of American soldiers and Iraqi civilians who get caught in the way? This is the question Congress must ask if we are to have an honest debate on the merits of invading Iraq." 1-03

44. Collateral Damage to Iraq from War (MAPW.org - Gration)
    "All too often recent debate on possible war with Iraq has centred on strategic issues - on weapons of mass destruction, on the rationale or lack thereof for going to war, or on the outcomes of a war- without paying due regard to the monumental human and environmental costs of such a conflict."
    
    "This Report addresses these issues squarely and is therefore an important complement to the on-going debate. I commend it firstly to our decision makers, but also to those who simply wish to be better informed on the issue." 1-03

45. Mandela Harshly Criticizes President Bush on Iraq (CBS News)
    "Former South African President Nelson Mandela delivered a fiery speech denouncing the United States and aiming harsh personal criticism at President Bush."
    
    "Mandela, a Nobel Peace Prize winner and one of the world's most respected elder statesmen, let the Bush administration have it right between the eyes, reports CBS News Correspondent Tom Fenton."
    
    "Mandela said he would support action against Iraq only if it is ordered by the U.N. He urged the people of the United States to join massive protests against Mr. Bush and called on world leaders, especially those with vetoes in the U.N. Security Council, to oppose him."
    
    " 'What I am condemning is that one power, with a president who has no foresight, who cannot think properly, is now wanting to plunge the world into a holocaust.' "
    
    "Last July, the president awarded Mandela the Presidential Medal of Freedom — the nation's highest civilian honor — dubbing him 'perhaps the most revered statesman of our time.' " 1-03

46. Fueling War - Oil and Iraq (MSNBC News)
    "Behind the debate over Iraq’s pursuit of nuclear weapons, its fraternization with terrorist groups and defiance of the United Nations is a fact that colors every decision about war and peace in the Persian Gulf: Iraq sits atop the world’s second largest reserve of oil. How is that affecting American policy toward Iraq? Are France and Russia protecting Saddam Hussein to ensure their access to oil? Who stands to gain most from a post-Saddam world?" 1-03

47. British Public Against War with Iraq (CNN - Rodgers)
    Claims that 75 to 80 percent of the British public is against a pre-emptive attack against Iraq, even though British Prime Minister Tony Blair is supporting President Bush. 1-03

48. Europeans Split on Positions About War With Iraq (Independent News)
    "Tony Blair headed for a council of war with George Bush yesterday with the backing of seven European countries but with EU policy towards Iraq disintegrating into bitterness and division." 1-03

49. Essay - Moral Case Against Immediate War With Iraq (Guardian Unlimited - Tisdall)
    "The two main US-British arguments in favour of launching a war on Iraq next month - that Saddam currently possesses deployable weapons of mass destruction and poses an immediate or near-term threat to the region and to us - already had few takers before Friday's UN meeting. In his peculiarly dispassionate, persuasive way, Blix further undermined and, for many, destroyed the credibility of the Anglo-American case for an early, pre-emptive attack."
    
     "A third core argument... - that Saddam is in cahoots with al-Qaida and is somehow linked or even to blame for 9/11 - is not seen as convincing even by those who have espoused it."
    
    "The onus is surely on Blair, not his opponents, to explain the morality of rejecting Blix's provisional conclusion that his inspections are beginning to work. It is not 'moral' to turn to the 'last resort' of violence when Iraq has conceded many of the UN's demands and when South Africa, for example, is offering its good offices and experience in assuring nuclear disarmament."
    
     "Nobody advocates doing 'nothing' about Iraq.... An intensified, permanent UN-led disarmament process, containment and sustained diplomatic pressure to remove Saddam is hardly nothing. Rather, it is the consensual, common sense and proper way forward. For sure, Bush may scorn such arguments. But others have a moral duty not to aid and abet his irresponsibility. Like his other arguments, Blair's 'moral' case for war does not convince. It is but another excuse for the inexcusable." (Guardian Unlimited is a British newspaper.) 2-03

50. Iraq Conflict - Exploration for Students (PBS Newshour)
    Provides activities, such as role play and debate, for students to explore the issues of conflict with Iraq. Includes resource materials. 2-03