Terms: iraq
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Specific Results

1. Iraq History (About.com - Rosenberg)
   Provides sources of information. 2-01

2. View - Iraq Would Not Start a War With the USA (CNN)
   "It's unlikely Iraqi President Saddam Hussein would use weapons of mass destruction against the United States unless his country were attacked, a leading U.S. senator on defense policy said Saturday." 5-02

3. Iraqi Opposition Leaders (BBC News)
   Describes groups and leaders who may play a role in any attempt to overthrow Saddam Hussein as leader of Iraq. "US-led action against Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq would likely involve the help of internal and external opponents of the regime." 8-02

4. Key Questions in Iraq Debate (BB News - Hardy)
   "As an American attack on Iraq has grown more likely, an intense public debate has got under way among Republican commentators, many of them veterans of previous administrations." "What is at stake is not only the future shape of the Middle East, but in all probability the future of US foreign policy." 8-02

5. Debate on Intervention in Iraq (PBS.org)
   Provides both sides of the debate on whether the USA should make a "first strike" military attack against Iraq. 8-02

6. European and Middle East Leaders Alarmed by Bush Administration's Position on Iraq (CNN - Oakley)
   Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak said '' 'If you strike Iraq and kill the people of Iraq while Palestinians are being killed by Israel... then not one Arab leader will be able to control the angry outburst of the masses.' " In addition, European nations "have noted with alarm what they see as growing unilateralist attitudes in the U.S.," according to Oakley. "Even the United States' staunchest ally in Europe [the UK] still prefers the diplomatic course to the military one at this stage." 9-02

7. Global Outcry Against US Attack on Iraq (Guardian - Watt, Norton-Taylor, and Ward)
   "Alarmed by growing rhetoric from leading hawks in Washington, key countries from China to Saudi Arabia warned of the devastating consequences of a US-led assault against Iraq." 8-02

8. Iraq

9. Bush Administration Urges Action Against Iraq (CNN News)
   Provides arguments by Bush administration officials for taking action, possibly military intervention, against Iraq. Officials noted that Iraq had recently attempted to gain metal cylinders believed to be useful primarily for developing nuclear fuel. 9-02

10. Middle Class in Iraq Eliminated (BBC News - Ghattas)
    "Iraq's middle class has been almost completely wiped out while poverty is spreading and people with close ties to the regime are becoming richer."
    
    "With the US planning a military strike against Iraq, Iraqis feel the future now looks even more uncertain." 9-02

11. Report Speculates About Iraq Military Possibilities (CNN News - Goldberg)
    Summarizes a report from the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) on possible military capabilities of Iraq. The co-author of the report, Gary Samore, speculates on how long it might take Iraq to acquire nuclear weapons. Samore also speculates that Iraq could have already stockpiled chemical or biological weapons. The author discusses Iraq's ability to attack other countries with weapons of mass destruction.
    
    9-02

12. Questions and Answers Regarding War With Iraq (BBC News - Reynolds)
    "As US President George Bush discusses the situation in Iraq with domestic and world leaders, BBC News Online's world affairs correspondent Paul Reynolds examines the issues which are leading towards a US-led war against Saddam Hussein and possible outcomes." BBC News is British. 9-02

13. World Views of an American War Against Iraq (World Press)
    Provides views from different cities of the world about a war initiated by the USA against Iraq. Includes the cities of Nairobi, Christchurch, Sydney, Bridgetown, Singapore, Cairo, Mexico City, Stockholm, Sofia, Beijing, Colombo, Karachi, Paris, Manama, Lagos, and São Paulo." 9-02

14. Bush Asks for U.N. Support on Iraq (BBC News)
    "US President George W Bush has made his case against Iraq in a key address to the United Nations. " Lists the key points from the speech. 9-02

15. Poll - Americans Do Not Want America to Attack Iraq Alone (CBS News)
    Provides results of a poll that finds that while Americans "approve of U.S. military action to try to remove him [Saddam], and believe war against Iraq is inevitable, most would prefer to wait -- for the U.N. to try to get weapons inspectors back into Iraq, for President Bush to get the approval of Congress, and for U.S. allies to join in." 9-02

16. Russia Fears U.S. Control of Iraq Oil (Independent - Buncombe)
    "With the second-biggest reserves in the world, Iraq's underdeveloped oilfields have become a key negotiating chip and a backdrop to talks between the US and the other permanent members of the UN Security Council – all of which have major economic stakes in regime change in Iraq." 9-02

17. Key Stories and Facts Related to War with Iraq (CBC News)
    Provides in-depth articles from a Canadian perspective. 10-02

18. Positions of Iraq's Neighbors Regarding an American Attack (CBC News)
    Summarizes the positions of the countries surrounding Iraq. 10-02

19. Bradbury Against Unilateral Action in Iraq (Bradbury2002.com)
    Provides Bill Bradbury's arguments against unilateral action by the USA against Iraq. Bradbury ran and lost against Gordon Smith for U.S. Senator from Oregon. Senator Smith voted for President Bush's resolution in the Senate. President Bush's resolution, which was passed by Congress, allows the President to initiate warfare against Iraq without support from the U.N. or other countries.
    
    According to Bradbury, "Prudent and decisive action in collaboration with our allies and the United Nations is the best way to achieve long-term national security. A preemptive, unilateral attack merely demonstrates America's power. A measured, well-deliberated international response demonstrates America's strength."
    
    President Bush's resolution "authorizes preemptive, unilateral action that threatens to undermine the very support from the international community that is essential to confronting the threat posed by Saddam Hussein and maintaining international support for the war against terrorism."
    
    "General Wesley Clark, former Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Europe recently noted, a premature, go-it-alone invasion of Iraq 'would super-charge recruiting for Al Qaida.' Preemptive, unilateral military action could galvanize a new generation of suicide bombers that would threaten the United States and our allies. Further, a preemptive, unilateral invasion of Iraq, without UN support, would set an exceptionally dangerous precedent for the conduct of international affairs in the 21st Century. Any nation could justify attacking its neighbors." 10-02

20. U.N. Resolution on Iraq (CNN)
    Provides the text of the U.N. resolution on Iraq (1441) regarding U.N. inspections for weapons of mass destruction. Editor's Note - U.N. resolution 1441 states:
    
    "False statements or omissions in the declarations submitted by Iraq pursuant to this resolution and failure by Iraq at any time to comply with, and co-operate fully in the implementation of this resolution, shall constitute a further material breach of Iraq's obligations and will be reported to the Council for assessment." 11-02

21. Essays - After Winning the War in Iraq (The Atlantic - Fallows)
    Describes the obligations that the USA will have after a war with Iraq. Also challenges some basic assumptions about why the USA should go to war with Iraq.
    
    "I ended up thinking that the Nazi analogy paralyzes the debate about Iraq rather than clarifying it. Like any other episode in history, today's situation is both familiar and new. In the ruthlessness of the adversary it resembles dealing with Adolf Hitler. But Iraq, unlike Germany, has no industrial base and few military allies nearby."
    
    "As a rule, the strongest advocates of pre-emptive attack [against Iraq], within the government and in the press, had neither served in the military nor lived in Arab societies. Military veterans and Arabists were generally doves." 11-30-02

22. Essay - Unintended Consquences of Attacking Iraq (AntiWar.com - Paul)
    "It seems the obsession about Iraq's improbable possession of nuclear weapons far exceeds the more realistic possibility that our pre-emptive strike against Iraq may precipitate a nuclear exchange between these two countries [India and Pakistan], or even a first strike with nuclear weapons by Israel against Iraq." 11-30-02

23. Positions of Different Countries Regarding War With Iraq (Time.com)
    Analyzes the positions of a dozen countries regarding a USA-led war with Iraq. 12-02

24. Timetable for Iraq (BBC News)
    "The UN Security Council resolution on Iraq gave a timeframe of up to 15 weeks for a final verdict on whether or not Baghdad is developing weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles." 12-02

25. U.N. Resolution Regarding Iraq and Weapons (BBC News)
    Provides "Extracts from the resolution on Iraq voted through unanimously at the United Nations Security Council." 12-02

26. Timing for the Push Against Iraq (CNN)
    The Bush administration claims that it did not advocate for a war with Iraq just before the 2002 elections for the purpose of political gain. The record is not so clear and adversaries claim that the talk of war was for political gain.
    
    "What's the political convenience? Strategist Dick Morris spelled it out in a recent column: 'Polls show that only one issue works in Bush's favor: terrorism.' '' 12-02

27. Peace Activists Go to Iraq (UnitedforPeace.org - San Francisco Chronicle - Collier)
    "With war perhaps just weeks away, activists such as Boardman have been coming to Iraq, and some say they will stay even if the bombs start to fall and American soldiers fight their way through the streets of Baghdad. They are here, they insist, not to support the regime of Saddam Hussein -- 'He's an evil man,' says Boardman -- but to remind the world of the damage a war can bring."
    
    "Their presence angers critics who regard activists like Boardman as propaganda dupes of a totalitarian regime. " 12-02

28. Scientists in Iraq (BBC News - Westcott)
    Describes a few of Hussein's top scientists. "Saddam Hussein's top scientists may hold the key to the secrets of Iraq's weapons programmes, but tracking them down and interviewing them is posing one of the biggest challenges to weapons inspectors." 12-02

29. Cost of War With Iraq (CNN - Bash)
    "The White House is downplaying published reports of an estimated $50 billion to $60 billion price tag for a war with Iraq, saying it is 'impossible' to estimate the cost at this time. " 1-03

30. No Nuclear Weapons Program Found in Iraq (CNN)
    "The U.N. agency searching for evidence of a nuclear weapons program in Iraq said Monday that so far it has not found evidence of one." 1-03

31. 1-11-03 Atomic Agency Challenges Bush's Key Claim Against Iraq (International Herald Tribune)
    "The key piece of evidence that President George W. Bush has cited as proof that Saddam Hussein has sought to revive his program to make nuclear weapons has been challenged by the International Atomic Energy Agency."
    
    "But Mohamed ElBaradei, director of the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, offered a sharply different assessment in a report to the UN Security Council. ElBaradei said Iraqi officials had claimed that they sought the tubes to make 81-mm rockets. ElBaradei indicated that he thought the Iraqi claim was credible." 1-03

32. Fueling War - Oil and Iraq (Christian Science Monitor - Francis)
    "With the cold war over, more global conflicts are being spurred by a scramble for natural resources rather than by geopolitics, and poor countries rich in mineral deposits are the new focal point." "Altogether, about a quarter of the roughly 50 wars and armed conflicts active in 2001 had 'a strong resource dimension,' says Michael Renner, a senior researcher with Worldwatch Institute in Washington." 1-03

33. Fueling War - Oil and Iraq (CommonDreams.org - Klare)
    "As the United States gears up for an invasion of Iraq, the great unanswered question continues to be: Why is the Bush Administration so determined to topple a government that has been effectively contained by American power for eleven years?"
    
    "Growing worries about the stability of Saudi Arabia, principal US supplier there, heightened by revelations of Saudi extremists' involvement in the September 11 terror attacks, have prompted US strategists to seek a backup should future instability lead to a drop in Saudi oil production, which could trigger a global recession." "With proven reserves of 112 billion barrels of oil (compared with 49 billion for Russia and 15 billion for the Caspian states), Iraq alone can serve as a backup for Saudi Arabia. At the same time, control over Iraqi oil would allow US leaders to more easily ignore Saudi demands for US action on behalf of the Palestinians and would weaken OPEC's control over oil prices."
    
    "Whoever gains possession of these fields will exercise enormous influence over the global energy markets of the twenty-first century."
    
    "This could prove to be the biggest oil grab in modern history, providing hundreds of billions of dollars to US oil firms--many linked to senior officials in the Bush Administration--and helping to avert a future energy crunch in the United States. But is oil worth spilling the blood of American soldiers and Iraqi civilians who get caught in the way? This is the question Congress must ask if we are to have an honest debate on the merits of invading Iraq." 1-03

34. British Public Against War with Iraq (CNN - Rodgers)
    Claims that 75 to 80 percent of the British public is against a pre-emptive attack against Iraq, even though British Prime Minister Tony Blair is supporting President Bush. 1-03

35. Europeans Split on Positions About War With Iraq (Independent News)
    "Tony Blair headed for a council of war with George Bush yesterday with the backing of seven European countries but with EU policy towards Iraq disintegrating into bitterness and division." 1-03

36. Essay - Moral Case Against Immediate War With Iraq (Guardian Unlimited - Tisdall)
    "The two main US-British arguments in favour of launching a war on Iraq next month - that Saddam currently possesses deployable weapons of mass destruction and poses an immediate or near-term threat to the region and to us - already had few takers before Friday's UN meeting. In his peculiarly dispassionate, persuasive way, Blix further undermined and, for many, destroyed the credibility of the Anglo-American case for an early, pre-emptive attack."
    
     "A third core argument... - that Saddam is in cahoots with al-Qaida and is somehow linked or even to blame for 9/11 - is not seen as convincing even by those who have espoused it."
    
    "The onus is surely on Blair, not his opponents, to explain the morality of rejecting Blix's provisional conclusion that his inspections are beginning to work. It is not 'moral' to turn to the 'last resort' of violence when Iraq has conceded many of the UN's demands and when South Africa, for example, is offering its good offices and experience in assuring nuclear disarmament."
    
     "Nobody advocates doing 'nothing' about Iraq.... An intensified, permanent UN-led disarmament process, containment and sustained diplomatic pressure to remove Saddam is hardly nothing. Rather, it is the consensual, common sense and proper way forward. For sure, Bush may scorn such arguments. But others have a moral duty not to aid and abet his irresponsibility. Like his other arguments, Blair's 'moral' case for war does not convince. It is but another excuse for the inexcusable." (Guardian Unlimited is a British newspaper.) 2-03

37. Iraq Conflict - Exploration for Students (PBS Newshour)
    Provides activities, such as role play and debate, for students to explore the issues of conflict with Iraq. Includes resource materials. 2-03

38. Iraq Conflict - Debating Iraq (PBS Newshour)
    Provides a variety of role play activities to help students understand different perspectives on the Iraq conflict. 2-03

39. Iraq Timeline (February 2003)

40. Iraq Timeline (August 2002 - January 2003)

41. Fueling War - Oil and Iraq (TargetOil.com from Washington Post - Morgan and Ottaway)
    "A U.S.-led ouster of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein could open a bonanza for American oil companies long banished from Iraq, scuttling oil deals between Baghdad and Russia, France and other countries, and reshuffling world petroleum markets, according to industry officials and leaders of the Iraqi opposition."
    
    "The importance of Iraq's oil has made it potentially one of the administration's biggest bargaining chips in negotiations to win backing from the U.N. Security Council and Western allies for President Bush's call for tough international action against Hussein." 2-03

42. Fueling War - Oil and Iraq (TargetOil.com from Newsday - Royce)
    "Officially, the White House agrees that oil revenue would play an important role during an occupation period, but only for the benefit of Iraqis, according to a National Security Council spokesman."
    
    "Yet there are strong advocates inside the administration, including in the White House, for appropriating the oil funds as 'spoils of war,' according to a source who has been briefed by participants in the dialogue."
    
    "Using Iraqi oil to fund an occupation would reinforce a prevalent belief in the Mideast that the conflict is all about control of oil, not rooting out weapons of mass destruction, according to Halim Barakat, a recently retired professor of Arab studies at Georgetown University." 2-03

43. Iraq Timeline (March 2003)

44. U.S. and Britain Provided Fake Evidence of Nuclear Efforts by Iraq (United Press International)
    "Some evidence linking Iraq to a nuclear weapons program appears to have been fabricated, the Washington Post reported Saturday. The faked evidence was described as a series of letters between Iraqi agents and officials in Niger."
    
    "The correspondence was deemed 'not authentic' after careful scrutiny by U.N. and independent experts, Mohamed ElBaradei, director-general of the International Atomic Energy Agency, told the U.N. Security Council."
    
    "The documents had been given to the U.N. inspectors by Britain and reviewed extensively by U.S. intelligence. The forgers had made relatively crude errors that eventually gave them away -- including names and titles that did not match up with the individuals who held office at the time the letters were purportedly written, the Post report said."
    
    " 'We fell for it,' said one U.S. official who reviewed the documents." 3-03

45. Fragile Treasures of the World at Risk in Iraq (International Herald Tribune - Melikian)
    "Within weeks, some of the most important monuments, works of art and written archives of the history of East and West could be at risk."
    
    "If war breaks out in Iraq, the dangers threatening a cultural heritage - which matters not only to the land where the monuments stand and the artistic treasures were excavated, but also to our world - will be manifold."
    
    "The harm caused by the Gulf War in 1991 was severe." 3-03

46. Senator Requests Probe of Forged Documents About Iraq (USA Today)
    "The top Democrat on the Senate Intelligence Committee asked the FBI on Friday to investigate forged documents the Bush administration used as evidence against Saddam Hussein and his military ambitions in Iraq." 3-03

47. -03-16-03 U.S. Support of Iraq in 1980's (CBC News - McDonald)
    "Saddam Hussein is one of the few leaders to actually use chemical weapons in the second half of the 20th century."
    
    "Researchers at the National Security Archives at George Washington University have assembled a library of government documents from the old U.S. alliance with Saddam Hussein."
    
    "The documents reveal the true extent of that relationship, putting a different perspective on the moral indignation pouring forth nowadays from the White House."
    
    "The documents show conclusively the U.S. knew as early as 1983 that Iraq was using chemical weapons against Iranian troops, and that Saddam was buying chemicals from American interests."
    
    " 'The U.S. did not in any way change its policy of supporting Iraq in the war because of its chemical weapons use,' Battle says." 3-03

48. -03-18-03 Rounding Up Iraqis in America (CBS News)
    "In a sweeping wave of interrogations beginning with the start of war, the bureau will visit over 10,000 Iraqi nationals living in the U.S. including 'students,' 'defectors,' 'permanent residents,' 'visitors' and even a few recently-naturalized U.S. citizens." 3-03

49. War in Iraq (Constitutional Rights Foundation)
    Provides lessons, articles, and aids to assist teachers to teach students about issues related to war in Iraq. 3-03

50. Fueling War - Oil and Iraq (CBS News)
    "It was not solely about oil, said the first President Bush, when America led the fight to drive Iraq from Kuwait more than a decade ago."
    
    "And today, as Iraqis wonder when Baghdad may be bombed again, the current Bush administration says it’s not about oil at all – this time." “It’s about oil a lot more than people in the government are saying. I think if you had tulips in Iraq, we wouldn’t have several hundred thousand troops getting ready to invade,” says veteran journalist Sandy Tolan."
    
    "Tolan teaches about the politics of oil at the University of California at Berkeley. " 2-03