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Also Try Civil War in the USA Military Conflicts and Wars Missile Defense Revolutionary War in Colonial America Terrorism Vietnam Conflict World War I World War II News -04-14-07 Report: Korean War-Era Massacre Was Policy (CBS News) "Six years after declaring the U.S. killing of Korean War refugees at No Gun Ri was 'not deliberate,' the Army has acknowledged it found but did not divulge that a high-level document said the U.S. military had a policy of shooting approaching civilians in South Korea." "When asked last year, the Pentagon didn't address the central question of whether U.S. investigators had seen the document before issuing their No Gun Ri report. Ex-Army Secretary Louis Caldera suggested to The Associated Press that Army researchers may have missed it." The document said: " 'If refugees do appear from north of U.S. lines they will receive warning shots, and if they then persist in advancing they will be shot,' the ambassador told Rusk, cautioning that these shootings might cause 'repercussions in the United States.' Deliberately attacking noncombatants is a war crime." 04-07 Papers -03-25-05 F-16 Military Jets (BBC News) "The F-16 has a fearsome reputation. It is one of the most reliable, manoeuvrable and effective military aircraft in the world." "Used mainly by the US it is a multi-role fighter with the ability to attack other planes in the air, and seek out and destroy targets on the ground." "In recorded dogfights with other aircraft it has defeated its opponents 70 times without a single loss." 3-05 -03-25-05 U.S. Decides to Sell F-16 Military Jets to Pakistan (BBC News) "The US government has approved the sale of F-16 fighter jets to Pakistan, Bush administration officials say." 3-05 American Presidents at War (USNews.com) "America is attacked. The president addresses Congress in stirring terms. Senators and representatives, with a few eccentric exceptions, vote for a declaration of war, and the overwhelming majority of the people support the war effort without stint. The president appoints sterling generals and admirals and superintends massive war production. American troops surge to victory, and peace is made." "This is the picture we have of the way America, and American presidents, go to war. It comports with what we think happened in World War I and, especially, in World War II. In this view of U.S. history, American presidents lead the nation only into wars that are forced upon them." "There's only one problem. This picture is almost entirely contrary to the facts. 1-06 Cheney, Dick - Former Secretary of Defense and Current Vice-President (The Center for Public Integrity) "As secretary of defense, Cheney saw the fall of the Soviet Union, helped conduct the Panama invasion to oust Manuel Noriega, and sent the first American troops to Somalia with the Unified Task Force (UNITAF) to help provide relief assistance. But his greatest challenge was the Persian Gulf War." "The former White House chief of staff, congressman and secretary of defense quickly added to his resume. While working a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank, Cheney served on the board of directors for such prominent companies like US West, Procter and Gamble, and Lockheed Martin and still managed to lecture widely across the United States." "But it wasn't until 1995 that his career really took off when he became the CEO of the Dallas-based oil services firm, Halliburton Co. Cheney's arrival was a watershed event that brought the company an unprecedented level of profitability. During Cheney's tenure at Halliburton revenue more than doubled, thanks in part to Cheney's ability to secure overseas business for the firm. By the time Cheney left the firm, in the summer of 2000, overseas operations accounted for 68 percent for total revenues, up from 51 percent when he arrived. By the time the 2000 Presidential election was gearing up, Halliburton had become the world's largest diversified energy services company of its kind." "In the April 2000, Cheney agreed to chair then-Gov. George W. Bush's vice-presidential selection committee. In May, he assured Halliburton stockholders that he had no intentions of leaving his position for another Bush administration. But this proved to be a promise that he wouldn't keep." "In July 2000, Bush announced that Cheney would be his running mate. Cheney prepared for the campaign and pledged to forfeit his interests in the private sector, specifically in Halliburton." "In January 2001, Bush was inaugurated as the 43rd President after the closest election in U.S. history, with Cheney serving as his vice president." 1-04 Cohen, William S. - Former Secretary of Defense (WashingtonPost.com) "President Clinton fulfilled his wish for a bipartisan Cabinet by appointing Republican William S. Cohen to head the Pentagon. The former senator from Maine is anything but a yes-man. In Congress, he demonstrated an independent streak, criticizing some of the administration's defense policies, including the presence of U.S. troops in Bosnia. But he also criticized pet GOP defense projects, including the B-2 stealth bomber. As secretary, Cohen's most critical challenges include reconfiguring the post-Cold War military and responding to the sexual harassment and assault charges that have plagued the armed services." 1-04 Conscientious Objector (Center on Conscience and War) Explains the legal requirements that must be fulfilled for someone to be classified as a "conscientious objector" in the United States. "The law does not accept 'a merely personal moral code' as the basis for a CO classification. This is intended to exclude from CO status persons who have nothing but a private, personal preference against participating in war, and who do not feel so strongly about war that it can be said they have a genuine moral or religious basis to the objection." "A person who wants to get out of military service because it is inconvenient or for reasons of 'personal expediency' ('it interferes with my school, job, or family plans, etc.') cannot expect to be classified as a CO." "The current statute says that CO claimants must object to 'participation in war in any form.' This means that in order to qualify as a CO you must be prepared to say honestly that you would refuse to participate in any war in which you would reasonably be expected to fight. 10-02 Conscientious Objector (NISBCO.org) The Center on Conscience and War explains the legal requirements that must be fulfilled for someone to be classified as a "conscientious objector" in the United States. 6-03 Draft - What Happens During a Military Draft (About.com) Describes steps taken to implement a military draft. No draft is underway in the U.S. at present (February, 2004). 2-04 Draft Proposed in the U.S. Congress (HSLDA.org) Describes bills currently under consideration in the Senate (S 89) and the House (H.R. 163) for a universal draft, called the Universal National Service Act of 2003. The purpose of each of the bills is: "To provide for the common defense by requiring that all young persons in the United States, including women, perform a period of military service or a period of civilian service in furtherance of the national defense and homeland security, and for other purposes." The bill is was introduced by Senator Hollings in the Senate on January 7, 2003. It has been read twice and then referred to the Senate Committee on Armed Services. The bill was introduced by Mr. Rangel and others in the House of Representatives. The bill was referred to the Committee on Armed Services." 2-04 F-16 Military Jets (BBC News) "The F-16 has a fearsome reputation. It is one of the most reliable, manoeuvrable and effective military aircraft in the world." "Used mainly by the US it is a multi-role fighter with the ability to attack other planes in the air, and seek out and destroy targets on the ground." "In recorded dogfights with other aircraft it has defeated its opponents 70 times without a single loss." 3-05 Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights ) States how prisoners of war must be treated and includes 143 articles. For example, "Persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members of armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed hors de combat by sickness, wounds, detention, or any other cause, shall in all circumstances be treated humanely, without any adverse distinction founded on race, colour, religion or faith, sex, birth or wealth, or any other similar criteria." 1-02 Geneva Convention on Treatment of Prisoners of War (University of Minnesota) Provides the rules, adopted by most countries, for treatment of prisoners of war. Killing, torturing, starving, injuring, mistreating, or failing to provide medical assistance for prisoners of war is a war crime. 11-01 Iraq vs. U.S. Wars (USNews.com) "Bush I and II each launched a war with Iraq. That's where the similarities end." 1-06 Kissinger, Henry - Former Secretary of Defense (Nobel eMuseum) "Secretary Kissinger has written many books and articles on United States foreign policy, international affairs, and diplomatic history. Among the awards he has received are the Guggenheim Fellowship (1965-66), the Woodrow Wilson Prize for the best book in the fields of government, politics and international affairs (1958), the American Institute for Public Service Award (1973), the International Platform Association Theodore Roosevelt Award (1973), the Veterans of Foreign Wars Dwight D. Eisenhower Distinguished Service Medal (1973), the Hope Award for International Understanding (1973), the Presidentia1 Medal of Freedom (1977) and the Medal of Liberty (1986)." "Dr. Kissinger was born in Fuerth, Germany, on May 27, 1923, came to the United States in 1938, and was naturalised a United States citizen on June 19, 1943. He received the BA Degree Summa Cum Laude at Harvard College in 1950 and the MA and PhD Degrees at Harvard University in 1952 and 1954 respectively." 1-04 Lovett, Robert - Former Secretary of Defense (DefenseLink.mil) "Robert Lovett has been recognized as one of the most capable administrators to hold the office of secretary of defense and as a perceptive critic of defense organization. His work in completing the Korean War mobilization and in planning and implementing the long-range rearmament program, as well as his proposals to restructure the Department of Defense, were among his major contributions." 1-04 Marshall Plan (JohnDClare.net) " Soon after the Truman Doctrine promised to ‘support free peoples’ (March 1947), General George Marshall went to Europe. He was shocked by what he saw. Europe was ruined and – after the coldest winter in record – starving. Marshall told Truman that all Europe would turn Communist unless the US helped. " "Marshall announced his Plan to students at Harvard University on 5th June 1947. He promised that America would do ‘whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world.’" 1-04 Marshall, George C. - Former Secretary of Defense (Nobel eMuseum) "America's foremost soldier during World War II, served as chief of staff from 1939 to 1945, building and directing the largest army in history. A diplomat, he acted as secretary of state from 1947 to 1949, formulating the Marshall Plan, an unprecedented program of economic and military aid to foreign nations." 1-04 McNamara, Robert S. - Former Secretary of Defense (DefenseLink.mil) "The first company head selected outside the Ford family, McNamara received substantial credit for Ford's expansion and success in the postwar period. Less than five weeks after becoming president at Ford, he accepted Kennedy's invitation to join his cabinet." "Evaluations of McNamara's long career as secretary of defense vary from glowing to negative and sometimes scathing. One journalist reported criticism of McNamara as a " 'human IBM machine' who cares more for computerized statistical logic than for human judgments." On the other hand, a congressman who had helped shape the National Security Act in 1947 stated when McNamara left the Pentagon that he "has come nearer [than anyone else] to being exactly what we planned a Secretary of Defense to be when we first wrote the Unification Act." Former Secretary of State Dean Acheson wrote, "Except for General Marshall I do not know of any department head who, during the half century I have observed government in Washington, has so profoundly enhanced the position, power and security of the United States as Mr. McNamara." Journalist Hanson W. Baldwin cited an impressive list of McNamara accomplishments: containment of the more damaging aspects of service rivalry, significant curtailment of duplication and waste in weapon development, institution of systems analysis and the PPBS, application of computer technology, elimination of obsolescent military posts and facilities, and introduction of a flexible strategy, which among other things improved U.S. capacity to wage conventional and limited wars. Although McNamara had many differences with military leaders and members of Congress, few could deny that he had had a powerful impact on the Defense Department, and that much of what he had done would be a lasting legacy." "His book, In Retrospect, published in 1995, presented an account and analysis of the Vietnam War that dwelt heavily on the mistakes to which he was a prime party and conveyed his strong sense of guilt and regret." 1-04 Military Joint Chiefs of Staff of the USA (CNN) Provides a short biography of the Chief of each of the armed forces, including the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, General Richard Meyers. Military Rank - A History (U.S. Department of Defense - Garamone) Provides a history of the ranks and insignia of United States military officers. 10-00 Nine Principles of War (Worcester Polytechnic Institute) Provides "The nine Principles of War, as defined in the Army Field Manual FM-3 Military Operations...." 2-04 Rumsfeld, Donald - Former and Current Secretary of Defense (U.S. Department of Defense) "He served as the 13th U.S. Secretary of Defense, the youngest in the country's history (1975-1977)." "From 1977 to 1985 he served as Chief Executive Officer, President, and then Chairman of G.D. Searle & Co., a worldwide pharmaceutical company. The successful turnaround there earned him awards as the Outstanding Chief Executive Officer in the Pharmaceutical Industry from the Wall Street Transcript (1980) and Financial World (1981)." "Mr. Rumsfeld served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of General Instrument Corporation from 1990 to 1993. General Instrument Corporation was a leader in broadband transmission, distribution, and access control technologies. Until being sworn in as the 21st Secretary of Defense, Mr. Rumsfeld served as Chairman of the Board of Gilead Sciences, Inc., a pharmaceutical company." "Before returning for his second tour as Secretary of Defense, Mr. Rumsfeld chaired the bipartisan U.S. Ballistic Missile Threat Commission, in 1998, and the U.S. Commission to Assess National Security Space Management and Organization, in 2000." "In 1977, Mr. Rumsfeld was awarded the nation's highest civilian award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom. 1-04 Top 10 Weapons in History (Space.com) Provides the military weapons that Space.com editors believe are the most important. 05-07 War of 1812 (Feldmeth) Provides key events and causes of the War of 1812. Wolfowitz, Paul - Deputy Secretary of Defense (U.S. Department of Defense) "Dr. Wolfowitz's previous government service included:" "Two years as head of the State Department's Policy Planning Staff (1981-82): An earlier Pentagon tour as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs (1977-80), where he helped create the force that later became the United States Central Command and initiated the Maritime Pre-positioning Ships, the backbone of the initial U.S. deployment twelve years later in Operation Desert Shield. Four years (1973-77) in the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, working on the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and a number of nuclear nonproliferation issues, and A year as a Management Intern at the Bureau of the Budget (1966-67)." "Dr. Wolfowitz taught previously at Yale (1970-73) and Johns Hopkins (1981). In 1993, he was the George F. Kennan Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College. He has written widely on the subject of national strategy and foreign policy and was a member of the advisory boards of the journals Foreign Affairs and National Interest." "Among his many awards for public service are: The Presidential Citizen's Medal, The Department of Defense's Distinguished Public Service Medal, The Department of State's Distinguished Honor Award, The Department of Defense's Distinguished Civilian Service Medal, and The Arms Control and Disarmament Agency's Distinguished Honor Award." 1-04

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