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Sub-Topics Antimatter CPT Symmetry Feynman Diagrams Lorentz Symmetry Quantum Field Theory Standard Model Supersymmetry Model Also Try Quantum Mechanics Lists Particle Physics - Educational Resources (Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council) Provides sources of information for particles and forces that physicists believe are the building blocks of the universe. 7-00 News -03-19-05 Scientist May Have Created a Black Hole (BBC News) "A fireball created in a US particle accelerator has the characteristics of a black hole, a physicist has said." "It was generated at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) in New York, US, which smashes beams of gold nuclei together at near light speeds." "The Brown researcher thinks the particles are disappearing into the fireball's core and reappearing as thermal radiation, just as matter is thought to fall into a black hole and come out as 'Hawking' radiation." 3-05 Papers Discovery of the Top Quark (Fermi Lab) Elementary Particles (PBS.org - NOVA) Provides a short description of each of the elementary particles that make up the known universe. 10-03 Gravitons May Link Subatomic Particles and Beginning of Time (UniSci.com - Hogan and Stricherz) "Unlike subatomic particles that make up matter and energy as we know them, gravitons are elementary particles that compose the fabric of space and time." " 'No one has ever seen a graviton, but with these new efforts we might,' Hogan said. 'If you can see gravitons in these maps, then you'll start to see the essence of space and time and matter.' " 3-02 Higgs Boson (Wikipedia.org) "The Higgs boson is a hypothetical massive scalar elementary particle predicted to exist by the Standard Model of particle physics. As of 2006, no experiment has directly detected the existence of the Higgs boson, but there are indirect indications of it. The Higgs boson was first predicted in 1963 by the British physicist Peter Higgs, working from the ideas of Philip Anderson, and independently by others." "The particle called Higgs boson is in fact the quantum of one of the components of a Higgs field. In empty space, the Higgs field acquires a non-zero value, which permeates every place in the universe at all times." 01-06 Higgs Field (History of the Universe) "Higgs fields are still important in the Universe today. It is believed that it still fills space, and that quarks, electrons and other particles get their mass by interacting with it." 01-06 Muons (Wikipedia.org) "In the Standard Model of particle physics, a muon (from Greek letter mu used to represent it) is a semistable fundamental particle with negative electric charge and a spin of 1/2. Together with the electron, the tau lepton and the neutrinos, it is classified as part of the lepton family of fermions. Like all fundamental particles, the muon has an antimatter partner of opposite charge but equal mass and spin: the antimuon." 01-06 Neutrinos (Wikipedia.org) "The neutrino is an elementary particle. It has half-integer spin... and is therefore a fermion." 01-06 Neutrinos - A Detailed History (Verkindt) Provides a timeline of theories and discoveries related to the neutrino. 7-00 Neutrinos - A Short History (Casper) Provides a timeline of theories and discoveries related to the neutrino. 7-00 Neutrinos - A Short History (Fermi Laboratory) Provides a timeline of theories and discoveries related to the neutrino. 7-00 Neutrinos - Tau Neutrino Observed (BBC News - Whitehouse) Provides a diagram of the building blocks of the universe. The Tau Neutrino was the last to be discovered, making the Standard Model complete. 7-00 Neutrinos - Why They Are Hard to Detect (Fermi Laboratory) Provides an analogy for why neutrinos are so hard to detect. 7-00 Neutrinos, A History (Verkindt) Starts in 1898 with a history of discovery and understanding of the neutrino. 6-01 Paricle Physics (Wikipedia.org) "Particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the elementary constituents of matter and radiation, and the interactions between them. It is also called high energy physics, because many elementary particles do not occur under normal circumstances in nature, but can be created and detected during energetic collisions of other particles, as is done in particle accelerators." 01-06 Particle Physics - Glossary of Terms (Bradley) Provides a description of key particles and forces that physicists believe are the building blocks of the universe. 7-00 Particle Physics - Introduction (Bradley) Provides a description of key particles and forces that physicists believe are the building blocks of the universe. 7-00 Particle Physics - The Standard Model (Fermi Laboratory) Provides a description of key particles and forces that physicists believe are the building blocks of the universe. Includes a chart of elementary particles and forces. 7-00 Particle Physics Timeline (Lafo) Provides a description of key discoveries. Although it is written and illustrated by high school students, under the guidance of Lafo, the explanations are somewhat technical and above the reading level of many high school students. The timeline stops in 1995, leaving out the discovery of the Tau Neutrino. 7-00 Photons (Wikipedia.org) "In some respects a photon acts as a particle, for instance when registered by the light sensitive device in a camera. In other respects, a photon acts like a wave, as when passing through the optics in a camera." 01-06 Physics Beyond the Standard Model (Scientific American) "The Standard Model of particle physics is at a pivotal moment in its history: it is both at the height of its success and on the verge of being surpassed." 01-06 Quarks (Wikipedia.org) "Quarks are one of the two basic constituents of matter in the Standard Model of particle physics. (The others are leptons.) Antiparticles of quarks are called antiquarks. Quarks and antiquarks are the only fundamental particles which interact through all four of the fundamental forces." "The single most important property of quarks is called confinement. This is the experimental fact that, except for the top quark which decays too rapidly, individual quarks are not seen — they are always confined inside hadrons, subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and mesons." 01-06 Tau Leptons (Wikipedia.org) "The tau lepton (often called the tau or occasionally the tauon) is a negatively charged elementary particle with a lifetime of 3×10-13 seconds and a high mass of 1777 MeV (compared to 939 MeV for protons and 0.511 MeV for electrons). It has an associated antiparticle (the anti-tau) and neutrinos (the tau neutrino and tau antineutrino)." 01-06 W and Z Bosons (Wikipedia.org) "In physics, the W and Z bosons are the elementary particles that mediate the weak nuclear force. Their discovery at CERN in 1983 has been heralded as a major success for the Standard Model of particle physics." "The W particle is named after the weak nuclear force. The Z particle was semi-humourously given its name because it was said to be the last particle to need discovery. Another explanation is that the Z particle derives its name from the fact that it has zero electric charge." 01-06 Why Scientists Study Particles (CERN) "Scientists have found that everything in the Universe is made up from a small number of basic building blocks called elementary particles, governed by a few fundamental forces." 03-07

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