Also Try Commuting Alternatives Electric Cars Energy Efficiency Global Warming Hybrid Vehicles Hydroelectric and Wave Power Hydrogen Fuel Pollution Solar Power Wind Power Lists Fuel Cells - Resources (FuelCells.com) Provides sources of information by category. 1-05 Fuel Cells Suppliers (About.com - Teuwen) Provides suppliers and manufacturers. 2-01 Golf Carts (Awesome Library) Describes golf carts that may be usable as neighborhood electric vehicles on streets under federal standards. Local laws will need to be checked. 6-01 Tricycling (Awesome Library) Provides information on tricycles and quadcycles that could possibly be adapted to fuel cell power and covered with aerodynamic fairings. Materials Animation Showing How a Fuel Cell Works (MSNBC News) Provides an animation. 02-06 News -04-23-09 Microbe-Powered Electricity Storage (MSNBC News) "The technique won't combat global warming directly, since both CO2 and methane are potent greenhouse gases, but it could help store alternative energies such as wind and solar more efficiently." "It works like this: giving small jolts of electricity to single-celled microorganisms known as archea prompts them to remove C02 from the air and turn it into methane, released as tiny 'farts.' The methane, in turn, can be used to power fuel cells or to store the electrical energy chemically until its needed." 04-09 -04-23-09 Microbe-Powered Electricity Storage (MSNBC News) "The technique won't combat global warming directly, since both CO2 and methane are potent greenhouse gases, but it could help store alternative energies such as wind and solar more efficiently." "It works like this: giving small jolts of electricity to single-celled microorganisms known as archea prompts them to remove C02 from the air and turn it into methane, released as tiny 'farts.' The methane, in turn, can be used to power fuel cells or to store the electrical energy chemically until its needed." 04-09 10-01-02 First Transcontinental Trip by Fuel Cell Car (Wired) "DaimlerChrysler's Necar 5 completed the first transcontinental journey of a fuel cell powered vehicle on Tuesday. Even its owners weren't sure the feat was possible, considering the technology's nascent state of development. " Fuel Cell Motorcycle (MSNBC.com) "A British company that unveiled a fuel cell motorcycle earlier this year has announced that it hopes to have the zero-emission vehicles for sale by 2006 at a price of $6,000. Meeting that goal would make Intelligent Energy the first company to have a production-line fuel cell vehicle of any kind on the market." 6-05 Fuel Cell Power (California Energy Commission) "While the concept of fuel cells has been around for more than 100 years, the first practical fuel cells were developed for the U.S. space program in the 1960s." 7-05 Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Generators (Hydrogenics.com) Provides hydrogen generators, fuel cells, and related products. 02-06 New Catalyst Found for Hydrogen (Scientific American) "We have discovered a catalyst that can produce ready quantities of hydrogen without the need for extreme cold temperatures or high pressures, which are often required in other production and storage methods," remarks Mahdi Abu-Omar of Purdue University. The compound he and his colleagues used is a so-called coordination complex based on the metal rhenium." 9-05 New Fuel Cell Technology for Phones (ABC News) "On Wednesday, New York-based Medis Technologies will demonstrate what it claims is the first commercial portable fuel cell, solving many of the problems that have plagued developers over the past few years." 3-05 News on Fuel Cell Systems (FuelCellPartnership.org) "The California Fuel Cell Partnership is a collaboration of 32 member companies who are working together to promote the commercialization of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Our members include automobile manufacturers, energy providers, government agencies, fuel cell technology companies and transit authorities." 02-06 Zinc-Air Fuel Cells in Buses (Electric-Fuel.com) Describes a study to determine if zinc-air fuel cells could be used to power buses in a typical city. The study determined that the buses were cost-competitive with diesel-electric buses but that the method for exchanging depleted fuel cells needed to be more practical. 6-05 Papers -Autos - Fuel Cell Cars (Awesome Library) Provides a summary of options for current and near future transportation that avoids pollution, yet is convenient, uses inexpensive fuel, and is safe. 6-01 Auto - Fuel Cell Car Travels Across U.S. (Wired.com) "DaimlerChrysler's Necar 5 completed the first transcontinental journey of a fuel cell powered vehicle on Tuesday [2002]. Even its owners weren't sure the feat was possible, considering the technology's nascent state of development." 6-04 Autos - A History of Electric Autos (Econogics.com) Provides a history of attempts to make electric vehicles in the USA. Listed alphabetically by company name. 5-01 Autos - Electric Autos (EV's) (EVUK) Describes the latest electric autos. Awesome Library does not endorse these products, but only provides them as examples. 5-01 Autos - Electric Car Battery Comparisons (Hondaev.org) Compares the miles each type of car battery will yield in the same car, a Honda EV plus. The types of batteries compared are the lead acid (currently used in most cars), metal hydride (used in the Prius hybrid electric), zinc-air (the best), and lithium-ion. 5-01 Autos - Electric Ford Think (ThinkMobility.com) Describes the all electric car. Goes up to 56 miles per hour and gets 53 miles per charge on NiCad batteries. With a fuel cell instead, mileage per charge should be much more. Price was not listed. Awesome Library does not endorse this product, but only provides it as an example. 6-01 Autos - Electric General Motors EV1 (General Motors Electric Vehicle) Provides the specifications for the electric car that uses lead-acid or nickle-metal hydride batteries, goes up to 80 mph, and can go up to 130 miles on a charge. The price was listed as starting around 34,000. 6-01 Autos - Fuel Cell Power (Necar 4) "Necar 4, based on a Mercedes-Benz A-class compact car, reaches top speeds of 90 mph... and can travel nearly 280 miles before refueling." The car seats five. Fuel cells generate no pollution and can be refueled in minutes. 5-01 Autos - Fuel Cell Powered Autos (HyWeb) Provides pictures and information on all cars and buses known to be under development that are powered by hydrogen fuel cells. 5-01 Autos - Fuel Cell Powered Ford (ThinkMobility.com) Provides pictures and information on Ford cars that are powered by methanol or hydrogen fuel cells. Demonstration level only. Awesome Library does not endorse these products, but only provides them as examples. 5-01 Autos - Natural Gas (Natural Gas Vehicle Coalition) Describes why natural gas is the least polluting of fuels for cars that are now widely available. Natural gas is often used with fuel cell technology. 12-00 Autos - Solar Cells (Uni-Solar) Provides photovoltaic thin film for application to car roofs, trunks, hoods, etc. Pricing is under 400 dollars for 32 watt (1.94 amps and 16.5 volts) flexible panels. A panel weighs about 4.7 pounds and is .25 inches thick. Awesome Library does not endorse this product, but only provides it as an example. 6-01 Autos - The Least Polluting Cars (CNN - Environmental Network News Staff) "According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, vehicle exhaust accounts for 70 percent of smog in the United States." The Toyota Prius and the Honda Insight are two of the least pollution cars available in the USA because they use hybrid gas and electric power. The Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) option in the Prius is recommended for maximum control during adverse conditions. 4-01 Battery - Small Fuel Cell Battery Invented (Scientific American - Hayashi) Describes a small fuel cell battery that may be used for phones, portable computers, and other small devices. 6-02 Battery Comparisons (Hondaev.org) Compares the miles each type of car battery will yield in the same car, a Honda EV plus. The types of batteries compared are the lead acid (currently used in most cars), metal hydride (used in the electric Honda), zinc-air, and lithium-ion. 5-01 Bicycles (Awesome Library) Summarizes strengths and weaknesses of bicycles and makes some recommendations. 6-01 First Independent Fossil-Free Energy System (H2Cars.biz) "The hydrogen plant on Utsira has started producing electricity. This means that the 10 households in the island community west of Karmøy are one step closer to becoming a self-sufficient hydrogen society." "From the summer, 10 of the households on the island of Utsira will get all their electricity in the form of renewable energy. This is the world's first full-scale autonomous renewable energy system based on wind power and hydrogen. Through this project, Hydro will demonstrate how a community can provide for its energy needs quite independently of fossil fuels." 2-04 Fuel Cell Cars - Ford Testing Models (MSNBC) Describes Ford Motor Company's tests of fuel cell powered cars in California. 6-01 Fuel Cell Cars Available This Year (PowerFrontiers.com) "Hydrogen-powered vehicles, and the fuelling stations to support them will be operated in the Detroit area in Michigan, in Central Florida and in California. The automotive company and the energy provider will provide details of the plan, and show the prototype vehicle and fuelling station." "Available for a test drive will be the latest hybrid electric vehicle technology with an advanced fuel cell to create an all-new, highly efficient, zero-emissions Ford Focus sedan." 2-04 Fuel Cell Glossary (HyWeb) Provides definitions or explanations of key terms used in connection with generating electrical energy from hydrogen fuel cells. 5-01 Fuel Cell Hybrid Honda Accord (AutoIntell-News.com) Describes new hybrid gas-electric Honda Accord for 2005 that will be the first mass produced car to use fuel cell technology. 6-04 Fuel Cell Power in the Future (EV World) Interviews Bob Roes, Executive Director of Fuel Cell 2000, a leader in fuel cell development. Describes the way the fuel cell works and discusses applications in the future. 6-01 Fuel Cell Types (U.S. Office of Transportation) Describes the fuel cell, its benefits, and more. Fuel cells are designed to leave no pollution when used to power cars. 1-01 Fuel Cell Vehicles (FuelEconomy.gov) "Although they are not expected to reach the mass market before 2010, fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) may someday revolutionize on-road transportation." 4-03 Fuel Cells (Hpower.com) Provides fuel cells and equipment to test fuel cells. 6-01 Fuel Cells - European Strategy (Energieverwertungsagentur) Discusses the plan for increasing the use of fuel cells and hydrogen power for the future. 1-01 Fuel Cells - How They Work (Anuvu) Describes a hydrogen based fuel cell and uses technical terms. 6-01 Fuel Cells - Hydrogen (Wired.com - Leslie) Discusses the role of hydrogen fuel cells and hydrogen power for the future, in motor vehicles and homes. Predicts that hydrogen will be the primary fuel source in this century because it is electrochemical, 2.5 times more efficient than fossil fuels, and is nonpolluting. 1-01 Fuel Cells - Hydrogen Fuel Cell Manufacturer (Ballard.com) Describes the hydrogen fuel cell, its benefits, and more. Also provides an animation. Hydrogen fuel cells are designed to leave no pollution when used to power alternative fuel cars or homes. Ballard is one of the world's first major manufacturers of hydrogen fuel cells for motor vehicles and other applications. 1-01 Fuel Cells - Hydrogen Production (HyWeb) Provides highly technical information about how hydrogen is produced. Hydrogen is a fuel for fuel cells. 5-01 Fuel Cells - Hydrogen Storage for Fuel Cells (Michigan State University - Svoboda, Ngo, Gutz, and Johnson) Describes a breakthrough in hydrogen storage, the MAIN barrier to the use of renewable, nonpolluting hydrogen as a fuel source in automobiles. Hydrogen fuel cells can provide up to 2.5 more energy efficiency than fossil fuel power, such as gasoline or diesel. The new storage method uses carbon nanotubes or graphite nanofibers, allowing travel up to thousands of miles on a single tank of hydrogen--at low cost and with no pollution. As of 2000, results were inconclusive and no working model had been placed in a car to test performance. 1-01 Fuel Cells - Hydrogen Storage for Fuel Cells (Post-Gazette.com - Spice) Describes a new storage method for hydrogen that uses carbon nanotubes, allowing travel by automobile for thousands of miles on a single tank of hydrogen. 1-01 Fuel Cells - Hydrogen Storage for Fuel Cells (theAutoChannel.com) Describes a breakthrough in hydrogen storage, the MAIN barrier to the use of renewable, nonpolluting hydrogen as a fuel source in automobiles. Hydrogen fuel cells can provide up to 2.5 more energy efficiency than fossil fuel power, such as gasoline or diesel. The new storage tank was developed by a team from IMPCO, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Alcoa, and Thiokol Propulsion. 1-01 Fuel Cells - International Development Efforts (Department of Energy - Patil) Discusses efforts to develop fuel cells in different countries. 1-01 Fuel Cells - What They Are (InternationalFuelCells.com) Describes the fuel cell, its benefits, and more. Also provides a picture. Fuel cells are designed to leave no pollution when used to power cars. 1-01 Fuel Cells - What They Are (National Fuel Cell Research Center) Describes the fuel cell, its benefits, and more. Also provides a picture. Fuel cells are designed to leave no pollution when used to power cars. 3-00 Fuel Cells Based Cars (Ford Motor Co.) "Sustainable Mobility Technologies' six prototype vehicles represent Ford Motor Company's dedication to preserving the environment. One is already in real-world, limited use. The electric delivery truck is being used by the U.S. Postal Service in communities around the country." 1-04 Fuel Cells Based Cars - Hy-Wire Hydrogen Car (General Motors) "The Hy-wire's fuel cell propulsion system is housed entirely in an 11-inch thick skateboard-like chassis. By-wire controls attached to the chassis through a single docking port use electrical signals instead of mechanical links of hydraulics to control steering, acceleration and braking. Without an engine, steering column or other conventional vehicle components, this concept provides unprecedented design freedom." 1-04 Fuel Cells Based Cars - Milestones by General Motors (General Motors) Provides a history of GM's development of fuel cell-based cars. 1-04 Fuel Cells Based on Borate (Chrisian Science Monitor) "It involves simple borate - a chemical mined from the ground and used as laundry detergent." "The company showed a running prototype minivan at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit earlier this month that demonstrates the viability of the 'borax fuel cell.' " "The fuel cell runs on hydrogen taken from sodium borohydride - a man-made chemical - in its 'gas' tank. What's left is borax soap in the tank. The only emission from the tailpipe is steam." 1-04 Fuel Cells and Methanol (American Methanol Institute) Describes the fuel cell, its benefits, and more. Also provides a picture. Fuel cells are designed to leave no pollution when used to power cars. 3-00 Fuel Cells for Electric Cars (Why Files) Describes the use of fuel cells in cars, expected in 2004. 1-02 Fuel Cells for Iceland (World Press Review - Asmundsson) Reports that Iceland plans to become the first nation use fuel cells, hydroenergy, and geothermal energy instead of fossil fuels. 2-02 Honda to Offer Fuel Cell Car in 2008 (Honda.com) "Honda Debuts All-New FCX Clarity Advanced Fuel Cell Vehicle. Dynamic styling and performance herald major advances for fuel cell vehicles; limited marketing to begin next summer." 11-07 Honda to Offer Fuel Cell Car in 2008 (USA Today) "Only the notable whine from an air compressor disturbs the picture, changing pitch intrusively as the motor changes speed. Honda pledges to reduce that before putting Clarity sedans into users' hands in the Los Angeles area next summer. General Motors (GM) has done a better job quieting the compressor on its Chevrolet Equinox SUVs modified to run on fuel cells (Test Drive, Nov. 9)." "That compressor whine and slightly skittish steering are the only things worth a general gripe about Clarity, the first regular-production fuel-cell car aimed at individuals. Previous FCX cars have been intended for fleet users. Only two are driven by individuals." 11-07 How Fuel Cells Work (Plug Power) Provides diagrams and instructions on how fuel cells work. 6-01 Hydrogen Fuel Benefits (U.S. Senator Harry Reid) Provides reasons for converting to hydrogen as a fuel source, such as that it is not toxic and produces no pollution. 12-00 Hydrogen Fuel Cells Fact Sheet (Whitehouse.gov) "In his State of the Union address, President Bush announced a $1.2 billion hydrogen fuel initiative to reverse America's growing dependence on foreign oil by developing the technology for commercially viable hydrogen-powered fuel cells to power cars, trucks, homes and businesses with no pollution or greenhouse gases." "Under the President's hydrogen fuel initiative, the first car driven by a child born today could be powered by fuel cells." 2-03 Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Cars (California Energy Commission) Describes a hydrogen fuel cell that can be used in cars. 9-01 Hydrogen Fuel Model in California (H2Cars.biz) "There are now over a dozen hydrogen stations in California and at least as many fuels cell vehicles in demonstration programs throughout the state. According to Mr. Emmett at least nine more hydrogen stations are expected to come on line in 2004. Most of the pieces of the puzzle are already on the table, it's simply a question of defining a vision and pulling the pieces together." 5-04 Hydrogen Fuel Revolution (H2Cars.biz) "This revolution will be every bit as transformative as the industrial and information revolutions which preceded it. What is really exciting is that no matter what answers we come up with, we are likely only scratching the surface. What will be the environmental impact of a clean, renewable energy source? What will be the economic impact of the cost of energy eventually falling to virtually nothing? What will be the geopolitical impact of devaluation of fossil fuels? The immediate changes are so enormous that it is easy to overlook the ripple effects, which will no doubt be of even greater magnitude. Just thinking about them renews my optimism about the future we are creating for our children and grandchildren," finishes Ms. Alpert." 5-04 Hydrogen Research (NREL) "The vision is staggering - a society powered almost entirely by hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe. In this vision, renewable resources such as biomass, wind, and solar energy are used to extract hydrogen from water. When the hydrogen is used as an energy source, it generates no emissions other than water, which is recycled to make more hydrogen. Making this vision a reality in the 21st Century is the goal of researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 6-01 New Source for Hydrogen for Fuel Cells (Wired) "A microscopic green algae -- known to scientists as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and to regular folk as pond scum -- was discovered more than 60 years ago to split water into hydrogen and oxygen under controlled conditions. A recent breakthrough in controlling the algae's hydrogen yield has prompted a Berkeley, California, company to try to be first to commercialize production." 9-02 Recumbent Tricycle - Greenspeed (Greenspeed.com) Describes the product with a variety of versions, including fully enclosed (fairings), tandem, compact, quad-powered, hand-powered, battery powered, and solar powered. Awesome Library does not endorse this product, but only provides it as an example. Sometimes called three-wheel bicycles. 6-01 Regeneration of Fuel Cells (ZMitlitsky) Describes the Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell (URFC). Regenerating or "recharging" hydrogen fuel in a fuel cell is a key for practical use of fuel cells in autos. 5-01 Rickshaws - Electric Rickshaw (NARI) Describes the product, a motorized tricycle which goes up to 70 km at 40 km per hour on one charge. This version has a weather cover and passenger seats. Awesome Library does not endorse this product, but only provides it as an example. 5-01 Rickshaws - Electric Rickshaw (Pedicab) Describes the product, a motorized tricycle. This version has a weather cover and passenger seats. Goes up to 15 mph with a range of 20 miles and costs around 6,000 dollars. Recharges in 3 hours. Awesome Library does not endorse this product, but only provides it as an example. 5-01 Solar Photovoltaics With Hydrogen Fuel Cell (Schools Going Solar) Describes a student project designed to use solar panels as a source of electricty for electrolysis to create hydrogen fuel for a fuel cell. 5-01 Stationary Fuel Cell Active (General Motors) "The world’s largest fuel cell transaction between Dow and GM is now a reality. On Feb. 10, 2004, with the pull of a lever by Secretary of Energy Spencer Abraham, and Texas Governor Rick Perry, Dow Chemical and GM began the Phase 1 installation operations of a single fuel cell that will convert hydrogen into electricity." 6-04 U.S. Army Testing Fuel Cell Truck (MSN News) "During a presentation at General Motors' Fuel Cell Activities Center in Honeoye Falls, N.Y., a quiet village on the outskirts of Rochester, the world's first hydrogen fuel-cell pickup was inducted into the U.S. Army for a 16-month tour of duty." 11-05 Ultracapacitor Fuel Cell (ELender.com) "The Ultracapacitor Fuel Cell Stack will server as the main power source, while the independent ultra-capacitor contributes its outstanding storage capabilities as a supplementary power source to deliver ample drive power to the motor. The result is highly efficient driving performance: high-output, high-response driving and excellent fuel economy. And to ensure plenty of space in a compact body, the FCX employs high-pressure hydrogen fuel tanks capable of storing a large volume of hydrogen in a small space, along with a more compact fuel cell system and highly efficient packaging thanks to an optimum placement of the system components on a custom platform.high-performance ultra-capacitor (electrical two-layered condenser) to serve as a supplementary power source to the FCX’s main power source - the fuel cell stack - for more powerful performance under various driving conditions." 03-08 Why Hydrogen-Based Fuel Cells Are Not Plausible for Near Future (AlternateFuelsWorld.com) "As anyone may discern from the briefest perusal of this Website, we believe that the peak of conventional oil production is likely within a few years, and that production from conventional natural gas resources may peak soon after. In as much as most hydrogen is produced from natural gas, and because production from renewables is very costly, fossil fuel scarcities will not prompt a widespread switch to hydrogen fuel in the near or mid term." 02-08 Projects Fuel Cells Kits (ElectricCloud.com) Provides kits for building a hobby-size fuel cell. 2-04 Purchase Resources Fuel Cell Fuel - Praxair (Praxair.com) Provides hydrogen cylinders for the AirGen fuel cell generator. 2-04 Fuel Cell Generator - AirGen (Ballard.com) Provides a fuel cell generator. 2-04 Fuel Cells Explained (PowerFrontiers.com) Describes how different types of hydrogen fuel cells work. 2-04 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Kit for School (ElectronicKits.com) Provides a fuel cell kit that powers a model car. 5-04 Research Hydrogen Fuel Cell Storage Breakthrough (H2Cars.biz) "The major technological barrier to wide-spread use of fuel cells in most applications is the availability of a source of hydrogen that is safe, reliable, economical, and benign in the critical phases of generation, storage and transportation." "The MCEL technology has been successfully demonstrated by the U.S. Government for use in standby, ground and sea vehicles, small portables, battery replacements and can be configured for other special operation applications. Recent partnering announcements with Protonix and Icelandic New Energy under an Icelandic Research Council initiative are indicators that MCEL is on track for commercialization with major partners." 5-04

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