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Also Try Commuting Alternatives Electric Assisted Bicycles Electric Golf Carts Electric Mopeds Electric Motorcycles Flywheel Energy Storage Fuel Cell Power Hybrid Vehicles Tricycles Lesson Plans Alternative Fuels for Cars (School Discovery)Provides lessons for alternative fuels for cars. "Pretend that you live in the year 3000. Your group is a team of archaeologists who have been studying the very interesting time period of A.D. 2000-2050." 1-02 Lists Autos - Station Cars (National Station Car Association) Provides sources of information on station cars, small electric vehicles that are rented at mass transit terminals. 6-01 Electric Vehicles (Dmoz) Provides dozens of sources of information on electric vehicles. 1-02 Electric Vehicles (Electric-Bikes.com) Provides dozens of articles (with pictures) of the lastest light electric vehicles that are currently available. 6-01 News 02-21-02 Batteries - Manganese Lithium-Ion Batteries (Electrifying Times) Describes a new battery built and tested by Mitsubishi. 2-02 02-21-02 Compressed Air Car (Electrifying Times) Describes the MDI Zero Pollution Vehicle, which runs on compressed air. "In urban areas, the engine powers a five-seat vehicle with a range of approximately 200 km using 300 litters of compressed air (300 bar) stored in either carbon or glass fiber tanks." Factory production of the vehicle is expected soon according to the manufacturer. 2-02 Electric Car News and Innovations (Electrifying Times) Provides articles and news related to electic vehicles. 2-02 Papers "Off-Peak" Electricity Production Could Fuel Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles (ScienceDaily.com) "If all the cars and light trucks in the nation switched from oil to electrons, idle capacity in the existing electric power system could generate most of the electricity consumed by plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. A new study for the Department of Energy finds that "off-peak" electricity production and transmission capacity could fuel 84 percent of the country's 220 million vehicles if they were plug-in hybrid electrics." 06-07 -Electric Cars (Awesome Library) Summarizes developments on electric and fuel cell power for cars. A Brief History of Electric Cars (Time.com) "The best way for GM to answer its critics is with a green leap forward — and the company is working with every available technology. GM presented the Chevrolet Volt — a plug-in hybrid that can run on battery power, biodiesel or gasoline — as a 2007 concept car. The company will soon roll out Project Driveway, a consumer test of more than 100 hydrogen-fuel-cell cars, which convert hydrogen to energy and produce no harmful emissions." 10-07 Altair Nanotechnologies Claims Breakthrough in Lithium-Ion Batteries (Altairnano.com) "Thus the problems with conventional lithium ion technology remain life (cycle and calendar), safety, recharge time, power delivery, and extreme temperature performance." "Altairnano established a research program in 2000 to solve these problems and develop electrode materials that would enable a battery to be charged in minutes, deliver high power and sustain a long life." 10-07 Altair Nanotechnologies Claims Breakthrough in Lithium-Ion Batteries (GreenCarCongress.com) "Altairnano replaces graphite anodes with its nano-Titanate material, which provides a very high surface area and reduces hazards by removing the graphite. The NanoSafe batteries charge in less than 10 minutes, have a power density of 4 kW/kg, have 85% charge retention at 20,000 cycles, will not explode and have no thermal runaway, according to the company." 10-07 Alternative Fuels for Electric Cars - Companies (Darnell.com) Provides companies, associations, and government agencies involved in the development of alternative fuels for electric cars. 3-02 Autos - A History of Electric Autos (Econogics.com) Provides a history of attempts to make electric vehicles in the USA. Listed alphabetically by company name. 5-01 Autos - Electric (Fuel Economy) Describes standard electric vehicles now available in the USA, including Toyota RAV4 EV, Ford Think, Ford Ranger EV, and Ford Explorer Usps Electric. 6-01 Autos - Electric Autos (EV's) (EVUK) Describes the latest electric autos. Awesome Library does not endorse these products, but only provides them as examples. 5-01 Autos - Electric Car Battery Comparisons (Hondaev.org) Compares the miles each type of car battery will yield in the same car, a Honda EV plus. The types of batteries compared are the lead acid (currently used in most cars), metal hydride (used in the electric Honda and hybrid Prius), zinc-air, and lithium-ion. Sometimes spelled zinc air. 5-01 Autos - Electric Car Test Rides (EVWorld.com) Provides reviews of electric cars. 4-03 Autos - Electric Cars Cost More to Build (Detroit News) Although cars produce most of the greenhouse gases that are causing global warming, costs may be keeping consumers from buying more environmentally-friendly cars. 6-01 Autos - Electric Ford Think (ThinkMobility.com) Describes the all electric car. Goes up to 56 miles per hour and gets 53 miles per charge on NiCad batteries. With a fuel cell instead, mileage per charge should be much more. Price was not listed. Awesome Library does not endorse this product, but only provides it as an example. 6-01 Autos - Electric General Motors EV1 (General Motors Electric Vehicle) Provides the specifications for the electric car that uses lead-acid or nickle-metal hydride batteries, goes up to 80 mph, and can go up to 130 miles on a charge. The price was listed as starting around 34,000 dollars. Awesome Library does not endorse this product, but only provides it as an example. 6-01 Autos - Electric Honda EV (Hondaev.org) Provides information on one of the only all electric automobiles currently available in the USA. Goes 100 - 140 miles per charge and goes 0 - 60 in 14 to 17 seconds. The car can only be leased, with no down payment or maintenance costs. The lease is for three years at 450 dollars per month. You may need to live in California to qualify. Awesome Library does not endorse this product, but only provides it as an example. 5-01 Autos - Electric Neighborhood Vehicles (Zapworld.com) Describes the neighborhood electric vehicle designed to meet federal standards for use on public streets. (Local laws may need to be changed to make it legal within your own neighborhood, however.) It has a maximum speed of 25 miles per hour and costs between 7,500 and 8,000 dollars. With a fuel cell instead of lead-acid batteries, mileage per charge should be triple. Price listed between $8,500 - $9,000 for the two-seat version. Awesome Library does not endorse this product, but only provides it as an example. 6-01 Autos - Electric Smart (Smart.com) Describes the electric car that is available in Europe. 6-01 Autos - Electric Tango (Commuter Cars Corporation) Provides specifications for the electric commuter car that goes up to 124 miles an hour and claims 0 - 60 mph in four seconds. No pricing was provided. Awesome Library does not endorse this product, but only provides it as an example. 6-01 Autos - Electric Toyota RAV EV (EV World) Provides a review of the electric SUV. 6-01 Autos - Electric Vehicles - An Essay (Digital Revolution - Moore) Though an interview with Steve Metzger, describes the current sales of small, low-speed electric vehicles, sometimes called neighborhood electric vehicles. Suggests that by combining the current mass production of golf carts with the efficiency of fuel cells, the EV market could be grown successfully. 6-01 Autos - Electric Vehicles Reviewed (EV World) Reviews or test drives electric vehicles. 6-01 Autos - Neighborhood Electric Vehicles (Electric-Bikes.com) Describes 4 vehicles currently available. "Most NEVs qualify as low speed vehicles (under 30mph) as defined by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. They comply with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards applicable to low speed vehicles. NEVs are designed to be used in residential areas with low density traffic, and low speed zones." 12-03 Autos - Solar Cells (Uni-Solar) Provides characteristics, including weight, of Uni-Solar photovoltaic thin film for application to car roofs, trunks, hoods, etc. Awesome Library does not endorse this product, but only provides it as an example. 6-01 Autos - Solar Cells (Uni-Solar) Provides photovoltaic thin film for application to car roofs, trunks, hoods, etc. Pricing is under 400 dollars for 32 watt (1.94 amps and 16.5 volts) flexible panels. A panel weighs about 4.7 pounds and is .25 inches thick. Awesome Library does not endorse this product, but only provides it as an example. 6-01 Autos - Solar Information (Regenerative Power and Motion) Provides research on human power and solar power to show the amount of energy needed for various types of human and solar combinations of power for cars. 6-01 Autos - The Least Polluting Car (GreenCars.com) Describes the Toyota Prius as the best combination of convenience, fuel economy, and low pollution levels. The Prius is a hybrid of gas and electric power. The Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) option is recommended for maximum control during adverse conditions. 12-00 Autos - The Least Polluting Cars (CNN - Environmental Network News Staff) "According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, vehicle exhaust accounts for 70 percent of smog in the United States." The Toyota Prius and the Honda Insight are two of the least pollution cars available in the USA because they use hybrid gas and electric power. The Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) option in the Prius is recommended for maximum control during adverse conditions. 4-01 Batteries - Gel Batteries (AWSolar) Provides characteristics of different gel batteries, designed to never need topping up and claims are made of no gassing. Awesome Library does not endorse this product, but only provides it as an example. 6-01 Batteries - Zinc-Air (PowerZinc.com) Describes breakthrough air-zinc batteries for a pollution free and more energy efficient solution to storage of electricity. 2-05 Batteries Now Cost Competitive (EPRI.com) Reports that batteries for electric or hybrid cars can be expected to last over 100,000 miles, making them cost competitive with conventional cars. 1-04 Bicycles (Awesome Library) Summarizes strengths and weaknesses of bicycles and makes some recommendations. 6-01 Build an Electric Car (Didik.com) Describes how to design and build an electric car. 2-02 Buses - Electric KAZ Bus (Keio) Provides information on an electric bus that seats eight. Awesome Library does not endorse this product, but only provides it as an example. 5-01 Conversion to Electric (Uve) Provides sources of parts for conversion of a gas-powered car to electric. 2-02 Efficient Pollution Reduction by Fixing the Worst Polluters (WhyFiles.org) Shows how dealing with the 10 percent worst polluters is the most cost-effective short-term approach to reducing pollutants. Suggests that half the current pollution rate can be achieved by fixing the 10 percent. 2-02 Electric Car with NanoSafe Lithium Batteries (Phoenix Motorcars.com) "Phoenix Motorcars manufactures zero-emission, freeway-speed fleet vehicles. It is an early leader in the mass production of full-function, green electric trucks and SUVs for commercial fleet use. Based in Ontario, California, Phoenix Motorcars uses the NanoSafe™ battery, a non-toxic, all-battery solution to eliminate noise and toxic vehicle emissions that contribute to air pollution." Awesome Library does not endorse these products but provides them as examples. 10-07 Electric Cars (ElectricDrive.org) Lists electric cars that are demos or with limited availability. 8-04 Electric Cars - Lack of Demand or Lack of Commitment (MotherJones.com) Discusses whether there is a shortage of demand for ZEVs (zero emission vehicles) or whether there is a lack of commitment by auto manufactureres to make them. 9-01 Electric Gizmo Vehicles (Nevco-Ev.com) Provides a three-wheeled electric vehicle. (Discontinued in 2003.) 6-01 Electric Recumbent Trike - EZ-3 (NYCeWheels.com) This is a semi-recumbent and is a A BEST BUY for personal transportation that is an alternative to a car for short trips. Describes an electric trike that costs about 1,300 dollars. It has a maximum power of 1800 watts and continuous power of 1000 watts. It must be registered as a moped or motorcycle, depending on maximum speed. Safety equipment may need to meet federal standards for a motorized vehicle. Awesome Library does not endorse these products, but only provides them as examples. 6-01 Electric Vehicles Innovation (EcoTrekker.com) Describes new alternative vehicles as they become available or during research. 9-04 Electric, Three-Wheel, and Tilting Prototype (ZEDIS) Describes a three-wheeled neighborhood electric vehicle protoype, including pictures of one that has been developed. The prototype contains many components that are desirable in low emissions neighborhood transportation, such as impact absorption safety features, tilting in turns, easy entry and exit, and more. 6-01 Fact Sheet for Electric Cars (Electronic Universe Project) Provides basic energy requirements for an electric car. "A practical motor vehicle needs about 30 KWH of deliverable energy for a range of 100 miles." 1-02 Flywheel Energy Storage (EV World - Moore) Discusses a prototype flywheel to replace batteries in a hybrid car. The PowerBeam flywheel was invented by Chris Ellis. 2-02 Flywheel Energy Storage - Formulas (Fradella) Provides formulas for developing an effective flywheel for storing electrical energy. Regenerative braking in cars or electric bikes is a variation on the concept. Flywheel Power Assist for Cars (Popular Mechanics) Describes a flywheel energy system, by Aura Systems Flywheel, designed to replace a car's alternator, flywheel, solenoid, starter, and belts. 03-06 Flywheel for a Car - How It Works (Scientific American - Rosen and Castleman) Describes a flywheel for use in a car for storage of electric power. A gimbal ring isolates the flywheel from the movement of the car to prevent interference with steering. 3-02 Flywheel-Powered Cars (Rainforest) Describes a flywheel energy storage system developed by Jack Bitterly and associates that may soon replace batteries for electric cars. 3-02 Flywheel-Powered Hybrid Cars (AFS Trinity) Describes electric cars that will be powered by a combination of fuel cells and flywheel energy. 3-02 Flywheel-Powered Neighborhood Cars (Dynasty Motorcar Corporation) Describes a flywheel energy storage system, CEMB Flywheel Technology, to replace batteries for electric neighborhood cars. 3-02 Fuel Cell Cars Available This Year (PowerFrontiers.com) "Hydrogen-powered vehicles, and the fuelling stations to support them will be operated in the Detroit area in Michigan, in Central Florida and in California. The automotive company and the energy provider will provide details of the plan, and show the prototype vehicle and fuelling station." "Available for a test drive will be the latest hybrid electric vehicle technology with an advanced fuel cell to create an all-new, highly efficient, zero-emissions Ford Focus sedan." 2-04 Fuel Cell Vehicles (FuelEconomy.gov) "Although they are not expected to reach the mass market before 2010, fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) may someday revolutionize on-road transportation." 4-03 Fuel Cells Based Cars - Hy-Wire Hydrogen Car (General Motors) "The Hy-wire's fuel cell propulsion system is housed entirely in an 11-inch thick skateboard-like chassis. By-wire controls attached to the chassis through a single docking port use electrical signals instead of mechanical links of hydraulics to control steering, acceleration and braking. Without an engine, steering column or other conventional vehicle components, this concept provides unprecedented design freedom." 1-04 Fuel Cells Based Cars - Milestones by General Motors (General Motors) Provides a history of GM's development of fuel cell-based cars. 1-04 Fuel Cells for Electric Cars (Why Files) Describes the use of fuel cells in cars, expected in 2004. 1-02 Future - A Vision for the Future (Electric-Bikes.com) "Ultimately, fully enclosed LEVs (like The Sparrow) will be common. In addition to standards like radio and heater, they'll have cargo room for four bags of groceries. The rider will sit in a slightly reclining position, as recumbent cyclists do today. Surrounding the rider a light weight, but resilient, "bubble" will provide protection from the elements and crashes. Sophisticated security systems will inhibit thieves. High performance will enable them to use freeways and cover distances up to 60 miles. (How about a "60/60" industry standard that guarantees a full 60 mph for 60 minutes?)." 1-04 GM Bets Big on New Electric Volt Car (US News) "When GM kicked off the project last January, it announced that the Volt would be able to travel 40 miles—far enough to cover most people's daily commute—on a single charge, before a small gas engine kicked in. There was just one problem: Nobody had ever produced a battery that could power a car that distance, or last for the life of a car, at a reasonable cost. And critics quickly noted that GM had already blown $1 billion in the 1990s trying to build an electric vehicle that was too expensive, took too long to charge, and had no backup engine." 11-07 GM to Introduce the Volt Hybrid Plug-in Electric (MSNBC News) "General Motors already has five hybrid vehicles on the road, but it is banking its future on a radical departure onto the green road: By 2010, the automaker hopes to have a plug-in electric passenger car in customers’ driveways." 07-07 Hydrogen Fuel Cells Fact Sheet (Whitehouse.gov) "In his State of the Union address, President Bush announced a $1.2 billion hydrogen fuel initiative to reverse America's growing dependence on foreign oil by developing the technology for commercially viable hydrogen-powered fuel cells to power cars, trucks, homes and businesses with no pollution or greenhouse gases." "Under the President's hydrogen fuel initiative, the first car driven by a child born today could be powered by fuel cells." 2-03 Israel Bets on Electric Cars (Time.com) "The Israeli government announced a major initiative to push the nation's drivers toward electric cars on Monday, a move meant to both lessen dependence on foreign oil and address the environmental and health hazards of gas-burning vehicles." 01-08 Push Trailer (MrSharkey.com) Describes the front end of a diesel fuel car that is hitched to an electric drive car for hybrid power. 9-04 Recharging Stations for Electricity (U.S. Department of Energy) Provides locations of electricity charging stations by zip code and distance. 6-01 Smart Cars to Hit USA (MSNBC News) The expected price for the gasoline-powered Smart care is aroung $12,000. "The 60-mpg, two-seat coupes are made by a European company called smart, but the DaimlerChrysler division is not the one selling them here anytime soon. True, they will be sold in Canada starting in September, but not so in the United States." "Heidemann's company, smart-automobile, Inc., signed a deal to sell the cars through ZAP, a California company that until now had specialized in all-electric vehicles. ZAP has agreed to pay $10 million for exclusive rights to distribute the car for 10 years and is now lining up dealers." 9-04 Solar Panel Prices (Greenies) Provides a variety of solar (photovoltaic) panels. The Uni-Solar 32 watt flexible panel is under 400 dollars. Awesome Library does not endorse these products, but only provides them as examples. 6-01 Solar Panel Prices (Myles Recreational Accessories) Provides the Uni-Solar 32 watt flexible panel, which is under 400 dollars. Recommends the use of a controller with the solar panels to protect the batteries from going over 14.3 volts during peak times. Awesome Library does not endorse these products, but only provides them as examples. 6-01 Solar Panel Prices (Tasman Energy) Provides a variety of solar (photovoltaic) panels. The Uni-Solar 32 watt flexible panel is under 400 dollars. Awesome Library does not endorse these products, but only provides them as examples. 6-01 TH!NK Cars Returned to Norway (MSNBC News) "In what would be a u-turn by Ford Motor Co., Norway is expecting the automaker to return its U.S. fleet of electric cars to Norway where they were built so that they can be resold to Norwegians." 9-04 Tax Incentives for Clean-Fuel Vehicles (FuelEconomy.gov) "Qualifying electric vehicles and clean-fuel vehicles (including gasoline/electric hybrids) purchased new are eligible for federal income tax incentives." 4-03 Top 25 Green Cars (Greencars.com) Ranks the top 25 cars in terms of pollution and fuel economy. 6-03 Turbine Power for a Car (Capstone Turbine Corp.) Describes a hybrid electric, small turbine engine-generator-powered bus for low emissions, low maintenance, and high fuel efficiency. 3-02 Projects Grants for Alternative Energy Commuting Programs (U.S. Department of Energy) Provides grants for programs to demonstrate alternative energy uses for commuting. 3-02 Ideal Tricycle Design - Project 32 Slalom (RQRiley.com) Describes a tilting three-wheel recumbent vehicle that can be powered by an electric motor. 11-04 Purchase Resources Batteries - AlphaGel Electrolyte (AlphaEv.com) "Alpha Gel batteries are filled by the patented gel electrolyte, which possess varieties of superior characteristics such as high-power, light-corrosive, long life, not flammable, will not explode under critical condition, safe to use, stable and reliable condition, eliminate vibration damage, marked as Not Detectable ("ND") of Lead Discharge (lab tested), Almost No Acid-Mist Discharge, no smell, safe for storage, and easy for transportation." 5-04 Flywheel Power for an Electric Car (EvWorld - Gottfried) Describes the CEMB flywheel energy storage system that is alleged to store four times the energy of a battery of similar weight. Awesome Library does not endorse the product, but provides it as an example. 1-02 Research Electric Car Prototype - Smart Car with WaveCrest Technology (AI-Online.com) " 'We picked the Smart roadster because it’s a rear-wheel-drive vehicle and we were able to remove the DaimlerChrysler powertrain and install our powertrain with minimal alterations,' says Richard Schaum, vice president and general manager of vehicle systems for WaveCrest Laboratories.' " 5-04 Tax Credits Available for Various Hybrids (EVAA.org) Provides credits for each available hybrid car. 11-06

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