Also Try Biochar Biodiesel Perennial Grasses Perennial Grasses for Carbon Sequestration Papers Activities to Encourage Soil Carbon Opportunities (Big Sky Carbon Sequestration Partnership) "Activities in forestry and agriculture can reduce and divert the atmospheric buildup of the three most important GHGs directly emitted by human actions: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N20). Adoption of recommended management practices can enhance soil carbon, and improve soil quality and productivity. The opportunities to enhance soil carbon include: increasing the soil organic carbon concentration, improving water and nutrient use efficiencies and improving biomass productivity. Terrestrial sequestration is considered a near term approach to reducing GHGs because it can be implemented today. Moreover, soils provide a significant reservoir for organic carbon, storing twice as much as the atmosphere and three times as much as plants." 06-08 Arguments for Caution When Using Trees for Carbon Sequestration (Mongabay.com) "Overall, about 20 percent more of the water provided by precipitation was removed by current tree farming, the study estimated. And additional planting of trees for carbon mitigation will likely have large impacts on water resources of many nations that net less than 30 percent of what precipitation provides for their total annual supplies of fresh water, the authors predicted." 07-08 Basics of Carbon Sequestration (EPA.gov) "There are three general means by which agricultural and forestry practices can reduce greenhouse gases:" "(1) avoiding emissions by maintaining existing carbon storage in trees and soils;" "(2) increasing carbon storage by, e.g., tree planting, conversion from conventional to conservation tillage practices on agricultural lands;" "(3) substituting bio-based fuels and products for fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, and energy-intensive products that generate greater quantities of CO2 when used." "Forests and soils have a large influence on atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO2)—the most important global warming gas emitted by human activities. Tropical deforestation is responsible for about 20% of the world's annual CO2 emissions (IPCC Special Report on LULUCF (2000)." 07-08 Carbon-Negative Biofuel (Mongabay.com) "Imagine this. The year is 2015. An innovative automaker has teamed up with a novel type of energy company - a negative emissions producer. They make the amazing claim that by buying their efficient car and using their particular type of energy, you will be fighting climate change each time you drive the vehicle. You will not merely be 'reducing' your carbon emissions (which is old world language). Instead you will in fact be taking carbon emissions from the past out of the atmosphere. You will be cleaning up old gas guzzlers' emissions." 01-09 Microbials for Carbon Sequestration (Chemilizer.com) "Their ability to store light as sugar requires that the organisms consume carbon dioxide (CO2). This means that in addition to improving plant growth and overall health, Inoculaid® is also a powerful tool for reducing the greenhouse effect, the mechanism responsible for global warming." 08-08 No-Till Farming (Conservation Agriculture Systems Alliance) "Across North America voluntary producer organizations work hard to promote no-till systems and other practices that provide economic benefits as well as environmental benefits to their regions. These organizations share similar missions and goals, encounter similar challenges and struggle with all too common problems." 06-08 No-Till Farming (Grist.org) "In essentially all cases where conservation tillage was found to sequester C[arbon], soils were only sampled to a depth of 30 cm or less, even though crop roots often extend much deeper. In the few studies where sampling extended deeper than 30 cm, conservation tillage has shown no consistent accrual of SOC [soil organic carbon], instead showing a difference in the distribution of SOC, with higher concentrations near the surface in conservation tillage and higher concentrations in deeper layers under conventional tillage ... Long-term, continuous gas exchange measurements have also been unable to detect C gain due to reduced tillage." 06-08 No-Till Farming (ReducedTillage.ca) "The RTL Agronomy Library contains hundreds of articles from getting started in direct seeding to fine tuning no till systems. Topics include seeding equipment, residue management, weed control, crop rotations, soil quality and much more." 06-08 No-Till Farming (Wikipedia.org) "No-till farming is considered a kind of conservation tillage system and is sometimes called zero tillage. It is a way of growing crops from year to year without disturbing the soil through tillage. Once called chemical farming, the terminology was changed[who?] in order to promote the idea of no-till farming being more natural. It is becoming more common as researchers study its effects and farmers uncover its economic benefits." 06-08 Perennial Grasses More Efficient Than Corn or Soybean (Mongabay.com) "Biofuels derived from low-input high-diversity (LIHD) mixtures of native grassland perennials can provide more usable energy, greater greenhouse gas reductions, and less agrichemical pollution per hectare than can corn grain ethanol or soybean biodiesel. High-diversity grasslands had increasingly higher bioenergy yields that were 238% greater than monoculture yields after a decade. LIHD biofuels are carbon negative because net ecosystem carbon dioxide sequestration (4.4 megagram hectare–1 year–1 of carbon dioxide in soil and roots) exceeds fossil carbon dioxide release during biofuel production (0.32 megagram hectare–1 year–1). Moreover, LIHD biofuels can be produced on agriculturally degraded lands and thus need to neither displace food production nor cause loss of biodiversity via habitat destruction." 02-09 Perennial Grasses and Cattle (Living on Earth) "Drought-tolerant perennial pastures could make a big dent in Australia's greenhouse emissions by helping soils to soak up carbon, says one researcher." He says results from a trial, which ran for more than three years on a farm in Lancelin, show Rhodes grass can capture and sequester nearly 7 tonnes per hectare of CO2 equivalents per year more than traditional pasture." 02-09 Perennial Grasses and Cattle (Living on Earth) "Well, so much of the world's annual crop production is used to feed cattle. And a lot of that could be substituted for by returning to having animals instead graze on pasture. And if you have perennial pastures, long lived grasses, you can actually produce very high levels of meat and dairy production without having to depend upon the use of a lot of grain." Perennial grasses are very effective for soil carbon sequestration. 02-09 Plant a Tree...the Right Kind (ABC News) "Syracuse researchers found that if they could replant their city with trees that are great at sequestering carbon compounds, especially carbon dioxide, they could increase the removal of carbon by more than 300 percent. But they also found that air quality would actually suffer from an increase in volatile compounds." "So they looked at mixing the forest, emphasizing trees that are good performers when it comes to carbon sequestration and don't emit a lot of junk. They came up with a list of 31 species, including American basswood, dogwood, Eastern white pine, Eastern red cedar, gray birch, red maple and river birch. That combination, they found, would increase carbon sequestration by 86 percent, and reduce the emission of volatile compounds by 88 percent." 12-06 Proposed Legislation to Encourage Soil Carbon Opportunities (Brownback.Senate.gov) " 'This legislation will provide a conservation payment for farmers who voluntarily increase their soil carbon conservation efforts,' Brownback said." 06-08 Saving Marshes for Carbon Sequestration and Water Quality (Science Daily) "Soil scientists spread material dredged from shipping channels over shore areas to help rebuild marsh areas. Wetlands along the shore protect the land from storm surges, create habitat for wildlife, and the plants that grow in them could sequester three to eight tons of carbon dioxide per acre every year." 08-08 Soil Carbon Sequestration Fundamentals (OSU.edu) "Soil carbon sequestration is the process of transferring carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into the soil through crop residues and other organic solids, and in a form that is not immediately reemitted. This transfer or 'sequestering' of carbon helps off-set emissions from fossil fuel combustion and other carbon-emitting activities while enhancing soil quality and long-term agronomic productivity. Soil carbon sequestration can be accomplished by management systems that add high amounts of biomass to the soil, cause minimal soil disturbance, conserve soil and water, improve soil structure, and enhance soil fauna activity. Continuous no-till crop production is a prime example." 06-08 Soil Organic Matter Needed to Bring Down Atmospheric Carbon (Soil Carbon Coalition.org) "In Allan Yeomans’s book Priority One: Together We Can Beat Global Warming (2005, 2007), he states that an additional 1.6% of the top 12 inches of the world’s cropland and grazing land soils turned into organic matter would bring atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations below 300 ppm (if we also quit adding carbon to the atmosphere). This figure is based on removing 80 parts per million of atmospheric CO2." 06-08

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