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Also Try M-Theory. It attempts to unify all string theories. News -01-16-07 Superstrings May Sing in Gravitational Waves (MSNBC News) "String theory posits that hidden dimensions are tightly wound in strings of elementary particles. An offshoot of this theory suggests that some such strings can form into narrow tubes of energy stretched across vast distances by the expansion of the universe. These theoretical cosmic superstrings, which researchers described as ultra-thin tubes filled with ancient vacuum created in the early universe, can coil into galactic-sized, vibrating loops that emit gravitational waves as they decay into oblivion." 01-07 Papers Dimensions - Imagining Multiple Dimensions (PBS.org - NOVA - Groleau) "For most of us, or perhaps all of us, it's impossible to imagine a world consisting of more than three spatial dimensions. Are we correct when we intuit that such a world couldn't exist? Or is it that our brains are simply incapable of imagining additional dimensions -- dimensions that may turn out to be as real as other things we can't detect?" "String theorists are betting that extra dimensions do indeed exist; in fact, the equations that describe superstring theory require a universe with no fewer than 10 dimensions." 10-03 String Theory Basics (SuperStringTheory.com) Includes the basics for understanding string theory. "Think of a guitar string that has been tuned by stretching the string under tension across the guitar. Depending on how the string is plucked and how much tension is in the string, different musical notes will be created by the string. These musical notes could be said to be excitation modes of that guitar string under tension." "In a similar manner, in string theory, the elementary particles we observe in particle accelerators could be thought of as the 'musical notes' or excitation modes of elementary strings." "But the number of string theories has also been shrinking in recent years, because string theorists are discovering that what they thought were completely different theories were in fact different ways of looking at the same theory!" 02-06 Superstring Theory (Wikipedia.org) "Superstring theory is an attempt to explain all of the particles and fundamental forces of nature in one theory by modeling them as vibrations of tiny supersymmetric strings." "At present, the deepest problem in theoretical physics is harmonizing the theory of general relativity, which describes gravitation and applies to large-scale structures (stars, planets, galaxies), with quantum mechanics which describes the other three fundamental forces acting on the microscopic scale." 10-04 Superstrings - A History of String Theory (Schwartz) Provides a history of how string theory has evolved. 2-05 Superstrings - A History of String Theory (Schwartz) Provides an introduction to superstrings, a unified theory of the universe, including a history of the development of the theory. Superstrings - A Sense of Scale (PBS.org - NOVA) Displays the relative size of a string in string theory, starting with a picture of an apple from a distance. "The strings of string theory are unimaginably small. And when we say 'unimaginably,' we mean it: Your average string, if it exists, is about 10-33 centimeters long. That's a point followed by 32 zeros and then a 1. It's a millionth of a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a centimeter. (Physicists stick to metric.) Or think of it this way: if an atom were magnified to the size of the solar system, a string would be the size of a tree. Yup, real small." 10-03 Superstrings - String Theory (FirstScience.com) "Remarkably, all known physical phenomenon can, in principle, be described by these two great theories, relativity and the quantum theory." "Although these two great theories represent the two pillars upon which ALL physical knowledge is based, the fundamental mystery is why these two theories are so different in almost every way." "Superstring theory combines relativity and quantum in an elegant, intuitive way. First, it describes the myriad of quantum particles of nature because each particle represents a "note" on a vibrating string. Think of a violin string. No one says that A or B is more fundamental than C. What is fundamental is the string itself." "Superstring theory says that, if we had a supermicroscope and could peer at an electron, we would see a string vibrating in a certain mode. The string is extremely small (10 to the minus 33 centimeters!) so that the electron looks like a point particle to us." 10-03 Superstrings - String Theory (PBS.org - NOVA) "In this excerpt from his book The Elegant Universe, Brian Greene explains why string theory might hold the key to unifying the four forces of nature." 10-03 Superstrings - String Theory (Schwartz) Provides an introduction to superstrings, a unified theory of the universe, including a history of the development of the theory, key developers of the theory, and more. Witten, Edward and "M" Theory (BBC News) "In the last few years, physicists have learned that the different string theories discovered and studied in different ways are limiting cases of a single, more powerful theory, known as M theory. "M" stands for magic, mystery, or matrix, according to taste. Some of these developments will be explained in this lecture." "Edward Witten, professor of physics at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, N.J., is arguably the premier theoretical physicist of our time. Renowned for his many contributions to particle physics and string theory, Witten has almost single-handedly constructed a new branch of mathematical physics." 11-03

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