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Also Try Carbon Sequestration News -06-07-08 "Carbon-Neutral" Won't Be Enough (SoilCarbonCoalition.org) "What this means is that our current widespread advocacy of CO2 emissions reduction has little leverage on what most scientists regard as the cause of global warming—the highest atmospheric CO2 levels in hundreds of thousands of years. The assumption that CO2 emissions reductions will do the trick has become popular groupthink, not subject to scrutiny because it's what we all know, and may seem like the only available option. Once again, we are goading ourselves into a gallant cavalry charge into the barbed wire." "What's needed is to reverse the Keeling curve, to quickly and significantly reduce existing atmospheric concentrations of CO2." "Carbon-neutral won't be enough. We have to be carbon-negative, to be pulling carbon out of the atmosphere into some safe, stable place. Various technologies have been proposed for this, but so far they haven't succeeded in solving the immense storage or disposal issues, and they require energy. The oxidation or burning of carbon compounds yields energy, and the reverse reactions require energy. Reversing the Keeling curve will require enormous amounts of energy." 06-08 Algae for Biodiesel Fuel and Oil (Oilgae.com) "While a number of bio-feedstock are currently being experimented for biodiesel (and ethanol ) production, algae have emerged as one of the most promising sources especially for biodiesel production, for two main reasons (1) The yields of oil from algae are orders of magnitude higher than those for traditional oilseeds, and (2) Algae can grow in places away from the farmlands & forests, thus minimising the damages caused to the eco- and food chain systems. There is a third interesting reason as well: Algae can be grown in sewages and next to power-plant smokestacks where they digest the pollutants and give us oil!" "While algae are one of the more promising feedstock owing to their widespread availability and higher oil yields, it is felt that there are not enough web resources that provide comprehensive information on biodiesel production from algae. Oilgae.com ( www.oilgae.com ) intends to fill this gap, and aims to be a one-stop resource for information and web links for biodiesel production from algae." 07-08 Extracting Oil from Algae (Oilgae.com) "Expression/Expeller press-When algae is dried it retains its oil content, which then can be "pressed" out with an oil press. Many commercial manufacturers of vegetable oil use a combination of mechanical pressing and chemical solvents in extracting oil." "While more efficient processes are emerging, a simple process is to use a press to extract a large percentage (70-75%) of the oils out of algae." 07-08 Making Biodiesel from Algal Oil (Oilgae.com) "Transesterification of algal oil is normally done with ethanol and sodium ethanolate serving as the catalyst. Sodium ethanolate can be produced by reacting ethanol with sodium." "Thus, with sodium ethanolate as the catalyst, ethanol is reacted with the algal oil ( the triglyceride) to produce bio-diesel & glycerol. The end products of this reaction are hence biodiesel, sodium ethanolate and glycerol." "This end-mixture is separated as follows: Ether and salt water are added to the mixture and mixed well. After sometime, the entire mixture would have separated into two layers, with the bottom layer containing a mixture of ether and biodiesel. This layer is separated." "Biodiesel is in turn separated from ether by a vaporizer under a high vacuum. As the ether vaporizes first, the biodiesel will remain. The biodiesel from algae is now ready for use!" 07-08 Papers Algae Conference in India (AlgaeBiofuelSummit.com) "Similar to plants, algae converts solar energy, CO2 & water to valuable chemical energy via photosynthesis. This chemical energy is stored in algae as lipid oils and can be converted into biodiesel. The residual algae de-oiled cake is a high protein matter and can be used as animal/ cattle feed, organic fertilizer and nutritional supplements." 09-08 Algae Fix for Global Warming (Science Daily) "Engineers have designed a simple, sustainable and natural carbon sequestration solution using algae. A team at Ohio University created a photo bioreactor that uses photosynthesis to grow algae, passing carbon dioxide over large membranes, placed vertically to save space. The carbon dioxide produced by the algae is harvested by dissolving into the surrounding water. The algae can be harvested and made into biodiesel fuel and feed for animals. " 09-08 Algae as Green Fuel (MSNBC News) "Set amid cornfields and cow pastures in eastern Holland is a shallow pool that is rapidly turning green with algae, harvested for animal feed, skin treatments, biodegradable plastics — and with increasing interest, biofuel." 09-08 Algae for Biofuel (ScienceDaily.com) "Joseph LaStella, president of Green Star Products, Inc. in San Diego, Calif., raved about the potential of algae in a recent phone call. His company built a demonstration pond in Hamilton, Mont., last spring." "Soybeans produce about 50 gallons of oil per acre per year, and canola produces about 130, he said. Algae, however, produces about 4,000 gallons per acre a year, and he predicted it will go far beyond that. He said algae requires only sunshine and non-drinkable water to grow. The demonstration pond showed that algae will grow even when temperatures fall below zero." " 'This is the only answer to our fuel crisis,' LaStella said." 06-08 Algae for Biofuel and Ethanol (Biz.Yahoo.com) "PetroSun, Inc (Other OTC:PSUD.PK - News) announced today that its initial commercial algae-to-biofuels farm is scheduled to commence operations on April 1, 2008. The farm is located on the Texas Gulf Coast near Harlingen, Texas." 07-08 Algae for Biofuel and Ethanol (Popular Mechanics.com) "Given the right conditions, algae can double its volume overnight. Unlike other biofuel feedstocks, such as soy or corn, it can be harvested day after day. Up to 50 percent of an alga’s body weight is comprised of oil, whereas oil-palm trees—currently the largest producer of oil to make biofuels—yield just about 20 percent of their weight in oil." GreenFuel hopes its pilot plant will see initial yields of 8000 gallons of biodiesel and 5000 gallons of ethanol per acre of algae." Editor's Note: A reader made this comment: "The articvle is incorrect on many points. The Algae that reproduces 100%, or doubles, in 24 hours or less, does not manufacture the oil stock of biodiesel. The algae that produces hydrocarbons is botryococcus braunii China Strain 1 or 2. This particular algae produces hydrocarbons of up to 60% of its DRY WEIGHT. It doubles itself every 2 to 4 days, considerably slower than the articles noted rate. This algae also has a life cycle that slows down even under the best of conditions." 07-08 Algae for Carbon Sequestration and Biofuel (Valcent.net) "The Holy Grail in the renewable energy sector has been to create a clean, green process which uses only light, water and air to create fuel. Valcent's HDVB algae-to-biofuel technology mass produces algae, vegetable oil which is suitable for refining into a cost-effective, non-polluting biodiesel. The algae derived fuel will be an energy efficient replacement for fossil fuels and can be used in any diesel powered vehicle or machinery. In addition, 90% by weight of the algae is captured carbon dioxide, which is "sequestered" by this process and so contributes significantly to the reduction of greenhouse gases. Valcent has commissioned the world's first commercial-scale bioreactor pilot project at its test facility in El Paso, Texas." 07-08 Algae for Natural Carbon Sequestration (ScienceDaily.com) "Engineers have designed a simple, sustainable and natural carbon sequestration solution using algae." "Bayless, with a team at Ohio University, created a photo bioreactor that uses photosynthesis to grow algae just like a plant would take carbon dioxide up and, through the energy of the sun, convert that into oxygen." "But what makes it cost effective? The algae can be harvested and made into biodiesel fuel and feed for animals." 06-08 Phosphorous Fosters Algae Growth (Canada.com) " 'Phosphorous really is the key to eutrophication,' says Schindler, whose study is highlighted prominently in the U.S. based Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences this week." 07-08 Use of Algae as Biofuel (AlternativeFuelsWorld.com) "Now I'd been following algae at a distance for some time. I'd also read through a lot of technical literature from the past, and I'd come away with the conclusion that while the concept of algae as a fuel crop appears to have merit, primarily due to the incredibly rapid growth rate of many species and the fact that they do not require planting, the path to commercialization seems long, tortuous, and strewn with obstacles. Much research has already gone into the production of fuel from algae, some of which had commenced back during the petroleum crises of the seventies and eighties, and nobody has succeeded in developing high yield, cost effective production facilities, at least nobody's proven that they have. Still, a number of firms are making claims that they're already there, and that all they need to do to go commercial is find the funding to scale up." "My thinking is that investment in algal cultivation is at an early stage and will increase greatly if not exponentially over the next five years. At that point the algae guys will be at the same place the fuel cell guys were circa 2004. They will have to demonstrate commercial feasibility or algal lipids will join hydrogen as the fuel of the future, the indefinite future that never quite seems to arrive." 02-08

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