Terms: fossils
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- Dinosaurs Fossils - Paleontology (Internet Encyclopedia - Davis)
Provides over two dozen sources of information related to dinosaurs. 10-09
- Dinosaurs and Fossils
- Virtual Fossils Reveal Secrets (BBC - Kettlewell)
Provides a description and picture of early animals revealed by microscopic assembly of parts by computers. 4-01
- Horse Fossils (Florida Museum of Natural History)
Provides an exhibit of horse fossils, organized by epoch or horse toe fossils. 5-01
- Horse Fossils by Epoch (Florida Museum of Natural History)
Provides an exhibit of horse fossils, organized by epoch. 5-01
- Fossils and Migration Patterns in Early Hominids (Access Excellence - Banister-Marx)
"Discoveries of fossil hominids around the world have helped scientists to determine not only a likely origin for the human species, but also a migration path throughout the world."
"Students need to have knowledge of latitude and longitude in order to plot the locations of the fossils sampled. Students would benefit greatly if they had some experience comparing the anatomy and relative ages of fossil hominids either from resin casts or from pictures." 9-02
- Assessing the Ages of Fossils and Rocks (University of Indiana - Flammer)
"This lesson should effectively and accurately inform students about the high level of confidence we have in the geological ages of an old Earth. At the same time, it should reveal an example of pseudoscience which should be part of any effort to improve science literacy and critical thinking." 10-04
- Dinosaur Embryo Fossils Discovered (Scientific American)
"The oldest fossilized dinosaur embryos yet discovered are revealing tantalizing clues about dinosaur evolution, scientists say. Findings published today in the journal Science indicate that some of the prehistoric creatures started out on four legs before growing into bipedal behemouths. In addition, they further support the notion that newly hatched dinos did not fend for themselves and instead relied on their parents for food and nourishment."
- Feathered Dinosaurs (Carnegie Museum of Natural History)
Provides fossils of some of the earliest clues that birds evolved from dinosaurs with feathers. Sinosauropteryx prima, Caudipteryx zoui, Confuciusornis, and Protarchaeopteryx robusta were feathered dinosaurs, whereas Archaeopteryx was the oldest known bird.
- Geologic Time (Newman)
Provides articles on geologic time, the age of the earth, relative time scale, major divisions of geologic time, an index of fossils, and radiometric time.
- Classification of Hominids - How They Are Classified (Foley)
Provides the criteria by which ancient fossils are classified as hominids or early humans.
- Creationism - Arguments Against (Foley)
Provides arguments against the creationist position that there is a clear dividing line between early human fossils and ape fossils. Also argues against the idea that insufficient physical evidence exists for ancient hominids.
- Classification of Hominids 4 - Australopithecus robustus (Washington State University)
Provides fossils and an article. This species lived 2.2 - 1 million years ago.
- Classification of Hominids 5 - Homo habilis (Washington State University)
Provides fossils and an article. This species lived 2.2 - 1.6 million years ago.
- Human Evolution - First Humans (Liozos)
Provides pictures of fossils and artifacts believed to be early forms of humans. 5-00
- Horse Evolution (TalkOrigins.org - Hunt)
Provides evidence on the evolution of horses. (No pictures are included.) "A Question for Creationists: Creationists who wish to deny the evidence of horse evolution should careful consider this: how else can you explain the sequence of horse fossils? Even if creationists insist on ignoring the transitional fossils (many of which have been found), again, how can the unmistakable sequence of these fossils be explained? Did God create Hyracotherium, then kill off Hyracotherium and create some Hyracotherium-Orohippus intermediates, then kill off the intermediates and create Orohippus, then kill off Orohippus and create Epihippus, then allow Epihippus to 'microevolve' into Duchesnehippus, then kill off Duchesnehippus and create Mesohippus, then create some Mesohippus-Miohippus intermediates, then create Miohippus, then kill off Mesohippus, etc.....each species coincidentally similar to the species that came just before and came just after?" 02-06
- Evolutionary Taxonomy (About.com - Christensen)
Provides a short explanation on how fossils are classified. Uses technical terminology appropriate for high school level students or above. 2-01
- Archaean Period of Time (Museum of Paleontology)
Covers 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago. "If you were able to travel back to visit the Earth during the Archaean, you would likely not recognize it is the same planet we inhabit today. The atmosphere was very different from what we breathe today; at that time, it was likely a reducing atmosphere of methane, ammonia, and other gases which would be toxic to most life on our planet today. Also during this time, the Earth's crust cooled enough that rocks and continental plates began to form."
"It was early in the Archaean that life first appeared on Earth. Our oldest fossils date to roughly 3.5 billion years ago, and consist of bacteria microfossils." 4-02
- Paleontologist Skills for Grade 4 and 5 (TeachNet)
"Introduce students to fossils and how paleontologists mark out a dig." (Loads slowly.)
- Second Oldest Hominids - Six Million Years Old (Leakey Foundation)
Discusses Orrorin and other recent discoveries of the oldest hominid fossils. 5-02
- Oldest Homo Sapiens Humans Found (TalkOrigins.org)
"Some new fossils from Herto in Ethiopia, are the oldest known modern human fossils, at 160,000 yrs. The discoverers have assigned them to a new subspecies, Homo sapiens idaltu, and say that they are anatomically and chronologically intermediate between older archaic humans and more recent fully modern humans. Their age and anatomy is cited as strong evidence for the emergence of modern humans from Africa, and against the multiregional theory which argues that modern humans evolved in many places around the world." 06-03
- Theistic Evolutionism (NCSEWeb.org)
"At the end of the Middle Ages, European tradition held that all of the Earth´s inhabitants had been created by God in one place, the Garden of Eden, soon after the formation of the earth. But as the scientific revolution began to unfold some 400 years ago, naturalists started to catalog fossils according to the layers in which they were found. Soon a very unexpected and troubling pattern emerged.”
"The deepest (and oldest) layers showed mostly unfamiliar species, but higher (younger) layers contained fossilized remains that resembled living organisms. If what naturalists found had been consistent with traditional beliefs, fossils found in every layer should not have looked different from those that living species would leave if fossilized. Elephants, tigers, palm trees, and people should have left a record of their presences even in the most deeply buried layers, but they didn´t. Clearly, traditional belief had to be modified to explain the succession of fossil types seen in the fossil record.”
"What, then, is the position of the majority of religious Americans about 'creation'? Anglicans, Catholics, most Protestant Christians, and Conservative and Reformed Jews believe that God is the Creator, but that he works through the process of evolution, as revealed through modern science. This position is known as theistic evolutionism, and is widespread among modern theologians. It is a little-known fact that Methodists, Presbyterians, Lutherans, the United Church of Christ and many other denominations do not believe that Creation occurred literally as described in Genesis. In fact, the majority of Christian seminaries do not teach a Biblical literalist creation." 9-05
- Homo Sapiens Idaltu (Wikipedia.org)
"Homo sapiens idaltu (roughly translated as "elderly wise man") is an extinct subspecies of Homo sapiens that lived almost 160,000 years ago in Pleistocene Africa. Its fossilized remains were discovered in Ethiopia in 1997 by Tim White, but first unveiled in 2003. The fossils were found at Herto Bouri, a region of Ethiopia under volcanic layers. By using radioisotopes dating, the layers date between 154,000 and 160,000 years old. Three well preserved craniums are accounted for, the best preserved is from an adult male (BOU-VP-16/1) having a brain capacity of 1450cc."
Provides a chart of hominids, including humans, at the bottom of the page. 03-06
- Second Oldest Hominids - Orrorin Tugenensis (Wikipedia.org)
"Orrorin tugenensis is considered as the second oldest possible hominin ancestor related to modern humans (other than Sahelanthropus tchadensis) and is the only species classified in genus Orrorin. The name was given by the discoverers who found Orrorin fossils near the village of Tugen, Kenya."
Provides a chart of hominids, including humans, at the bottom of the page. 03-06
- Comparison of Skulls (TalkOrigins.org)
"As this table shows, although creationists are adamant that none of these [skulls] are transitional and all are either apes or humans, they are not able to tell which are which."
"But according to evolutionary thinking, these fossils come from a number of closely related species intermediate between apes and humans. If this is so, we would expect to find that some of them are hard to classify, and we do." 03-06
- Oldest Homo Sapiens Found (BBC News)
"Three fossilised skulls unearthed in Ethiopia are said by scientists to be among the most important discoveries ever made in the search for the origin of humans."
"The crania of two adults and a child, all dated to be around 160,000 years old, were pulled out of sediments near a village called Herto in the Afar region in the east of the country."
" 'All the genetics have pointed to a geologically recent origin for humans in Africa - and now we have the fossils,' said Professor Tim White, one of the co-leaders on the research team that found the skulls." The Herto fossils have been classified as Homo sapiens idaltu, now extinct. Homo sapiens sapiens is the only subspecies of Homo sapiens known to have survived as current humans. 03-06
- Oldest Homo Sapiens Found (NPR.org)
"After six years of analysis, fossil hunters in Africa have confirmed the discovery of the oldest fossilized remains of modern humans yet found -- portions of skulls belonging to people who lived 160,000 years ago. Paleontologists say the discovery adds detail to a crucial period in human evolution, and confirms the hypothesis that modern humans evolved in Africa."
"According to Berkeley's Tim White, the evidence also lays to rest any notion that Neanderthals were direct human ancestors. Rather, he says, they were a branch of pre-human evolution that remained isolated in Europe." The Herto fossils have been classified as Homo sapiens idaltu, now extinct. Homo sapiens sapiens is the only subspecies of Homo sapiens known to have survived as current humans. 06-03
- Oldest Homo Sapiens Found (ScienceNews.org)
"Three partial skulls excavated in eastern Africa, dating to between 154,000 and 160,000 years ago, represent the oldest known fossils of modern people, according to the ancient skulls' discoverers."
"The Herto fossils show that H. sapiens evolved in Africa independently of European Neandertals, says project director Tim D. White, an anthropologist at the University of California, Berkeley." The Herto fossils have been classified as Homo sapiens idaltu, now extinct. 06-03
- DNA May Trace Hominids Back 5 Million Years (BBC News)
"New technologies may soon allow scientists to identify some of the genes of humankind's oldest ancestors."
"This raises the possibility of plotting the evolutionary tree of humanity from five million years ago to the present."
"Professor Hendrik Poinar says DNA fragments should be recoverable from fossils that are a million years old, and proteins from even older times."
Editor's Note: Fossils found since this article was written indicate that hominids reach back at least 6.5 to 7 million years. 6-04
- Missing Link Found Between Australopithecus afarensis and Earlier Species (New York Times)
"Tim D. White, a paleontologist at the University of California, Berkeley, who was a team leader, and his colleagues said the 4.1-million-year-old fossils were anatomically intermediate between the earlier species Ardipithecus ramidus [the earliest Hominids] and the later species Australopithecus afarensis, the Lucy family. The newfound bones and teeth are the earliest remains of the most primitive Australopithecus, known as anamensis."
"The Australopithecus genus — resembling apes in stature and brain size but unlike the great apes in that it walked on two legs — is thought to have given rise to our own genus, Homo."
- -10-05-06 "Monster" Fossil Found in Arctic (BBC News)
"Norwegian scientists have discovered a "treasure trove" of fossils belonging to giant sea reptiles that roamed the seas at the time of the dinosaurs."
"The fossil hoard comprises 21 long-necked plesiosaurs, six ichthyosaurs and one short-necked plesiosaur. The bones were unearthed in fine-grained sedimentary rock called black shale." 10-06
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[Dr. Jerry Adams at jadams@awesomelibrary.org.]
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