Terms: underground
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- Weather Icons (The Weather Underground)
Provides a small icon with today's temperature for several large cities. 8-00
- Slavery - Underground Railroad (Headbone Interactive)
The Head Bone Zone provides an interactive Internet lesson to lead in an escape from slavery during the mid 1800's.
- Black History - Underground Railroad (About.com - McElrath)
Describes the network used to free slaves in the 1800's in the United States. 2-01
- 05-15-02 Mars May Have Underground Water (CNN)
Summarizes the finding of vast amounts of amounts of hydrogen under the ground surface on Mars. This probably means that Mars has vast amounts of water.
- Inexpensive Air Conditioning by Underground Heat Exchange (MB-Soft.com)
"Using ONLY locally available materials, it is possible for ANY homeowner to virtually eliminate their electric bills for air conditioning FOREVER!" 4-05
- Parallel Elections (News from Underground - Miller)
The Citizens' Audit Parallel Election includes votes from those who have just voted to verify the official results. 8-05
- Slavery - Underground Railroad (Headbone Interactive)
The Head Bone Zone provides an interactive Internet lesson to lead in an escape from slavery during the mid 1800's.
- Water on the Earth (UMAC - OCP)
Describes availability of water on the Earth, including Water Planet, Physical Symptoms of Water Stress, Hydrologic Cycle, and World's Water Supply.
"Of all the water on Earth, more than 97% is salt water held in the oceans. The remaining 3% constitutes the fresh water supply on the planet. The majority of fresh water is held in ice (glaciers and polar ice caps) and a large proportion also lies too far underground to be exploitable. The amount of fresh water directly available is less than 1% of the total water in the Earth System." 4-02
- World's Water at Risk (CBS News)
"Many of the world's natural underground reservoirs are diminishing rapidly, threatening the drinking water of millions of people and compounding the ravaging effects of drought and famine, the United Nations warned Wednesday."
"The United Nations called on governments to curb the use of groundwater through regulation. Worldwide action was needed to ensure that countries relying on irrigation diversify away from water hungry crops, the report added." 9-03
- Chipmunks (Columbia Encyclopedia)
"Although chipmunks are usually found near the ground, they are excellent climbers. In its northern range the chipmunk goes underground about the end of October but sleeps deeply only during the coldest period. Food for the winter is stored in the burrow. Chipmunks eat nuts, seeds, berries, and insects. Although they are numerous, these animals are not serious threats to crops." 12-04
- -01-25-05 To Vote or Not to Vote (USA Today)
"Iraqis voted during the Saddam era, but the dictator was the only choice on the ballot. On Sunday, the contrast will be huge: Iraqis must sift through a ballot with 111 choices. Voters will select one slate of candidates from a political party or coalition. The top vote-getters will send their candidates to a 275-person national assembly, which will draft a constitution and appoint a new government."
"Karaman Fayk Hossean, 33, was one of thousands displaced under Saddam's 'Arabization' program in the 1980s. Kurds were forcibly relocated to make way for incoming Arab families around oil-rich Kirkuk and other parts of northern Iraq. Kurds, who are mostly Sunni, make up about 15% of Iraqis."
"Sipping tea in an underground cafe in the far northern city of Erbil, Hossean says he sees democracy as a way to assert Kurdish nationalism. 'This time we have the chance to demonstrate the real size and weight of Kurds in the future of Iraq,' he says."
"The Shiites also regard the election as a chance to gain political power long denied to them. Saddam's government, fearful of a Shiite uprising, banned Shiite celebrations and other expressions of their religious identity."
"Sunni Arabs fear that no matter how successful polling is in large parts of the country, they will end up losers. Sunni Arabs have dominated Iraq's government for most of its modern history. About 20% of Iraqis are Sunni Arabs." "Fearful of violence, many Sunni Arabs say they are staying home on election day." 1-05
- -07-22-05 Shoot to Kill Policy in London (TelegraphIndia.com)
"A man, said by passengers to be Asian, was pinned down on the floor of an Underground train at Stockwell station in south London today and shot through the head five times by plainclothes policemen hunting for the London bombers." 7-05
- U.N.: Torture Still Widespread in China (Guardian Unlimited)
"Human rights groups say brutality and degradation are common in Chinese prisons, where many of the victims are from the Tibetan and Uighur ethnic minorities, political dissidents, followers of the banned Falun Gong sect and members of underground churches."
"Although China outlawed torture in 1996, its definition of illegal acts - those leaving physical marks - is so narrow that interrogators can employ a wide range of methods contravening UN standards." 12-05
- -10-08-06 North Korea Tests a Nuclear Bomb (USA Today)
"North Korea said Monday it had performed its first nuclear weapons test, an underground explosion that defied international warnings but was hailed by the communist nation as a 'great leap forward' for its people." 10-06
- Ancient Greek Water Works Found (MSNBC News)
"Archaeologists excavating a sprawling prehistoric fortress in southern Greece have discovered a secret underground passage thought to have supplied the site with water in times of danger." 1-07
- Cisterns (WaterTanks.com)
" American Tank Company's polyethylene underground water cisterns are manufactured by means of the rotational molding process, which produces a one-piece, seamless, watertight tank and have a unique ribbed design that gives the tank added strength."
"Our cisterns are ideal for instances when drinking water must be hauled in or if a well just doesnt meet consumption needs. As with all of our water storage tanks, our cisterns are produced with 100% virgin resin, which meets FDA specifications for potable water."
Awesome Library does not endorse these products but provides them as examples. 01-08
- Using Reclaimed Water for Municipal Water Supply (USWaterNews.com)
"When considering reclaimed wastewater for public water supplies, the public distinguishes between direct and indirect use. Adding highly treated wastewater directly into a water supply without storing it first in a reservoir is not a viable option. Indirect use is viable, however, and that approach was examined by the committee. Indirect use augments the drinking water supply by adding reclaimed treated water first to a lake, reservoir, or underground aquifer. The mixture of natural and reclaimed water is then subjected to normal water treatment before it is distributed as drinking water for the community. Since the 1960s, California's Los Angeles county has operated an indirect-use system in which wastewater, mixed with stormwater and river waters, supplies about 16 percent of total flow into groundwater basins. This mixture then is used as a source for drinking water supplies." 03-08
- -04-18-08 Carbon Reduction in Coal (Time.com)
"Coal plants usually have a 50-year operational life, which means that fossil fuels will be with us for a long time. Unless we can figure out a way to take carbon out of coal the way we've managed to clean other pollutants, like acid rain-causing sulfur dioxide, using scrubbers we'll never beat climate change. Ergo Exergy wants to mitigate the damage. The company's underground coal gasification technology burns coal into gas directly in its underground seams, which saves the environmental cost of mining." 04-08
- -04-20-08 Capturing Carbon (Time.com)
"Even before the federal government creates a national cap which is generally considered inevitable the economy will need a bridge, economic nudges, so that the private sector can test carbon capture and storage before scaling it up. More than 30 states are looking at legislation that would give carbon storage technology a boost. Some call for comprehensive studies of the technology, while in Wyoming one of several states identified as having underground carbon storage potential laws are already being written to address questions about ownership of and liability for the underground CO2 vaults. These laws will help U.S. "geo-bottling" incubate while the federal government catches up to state and private efforts. At Duke University's Climate Change Policy Partnership, for example, researchers are modeling optimal routes for gas pipelines, based on engineering, social and environmental factors, to move the CO2 from plant to storage site." 04-08
- Problems With Liquid Compressed Carbon Sequestration (TreeHugger.com)
"In principle, it works this way: You capture CO2 emissions at the source before they are released into the atmosphere, compress them until they become liquid and then inject them in deep underground holes." 07-08
- Super-Smasher Targets Mysteries of the Universe (MSNBC News)
"It will take months for the machine to reach full power. But eventually, those protons will be whipped up to 99.999999 percent of the speed of light, slamming together with the energy of two bullet trains colliding head-on. Underground detectors as big as cathedrals will track the subatomic wreckage on a time scale of billionths of a second. Billions of bits of data will be sent out every second for analysis."
"As big as the numbers surrounding the LHC are, the mysteries it was built to address are bigger:"
"What was the newborn universe made of?"
"What causes things to have mass?"
"Why is most of that mass hidden?"
"Where did all the antimatter go?"
"Is our entire universe a mere sliver of all that is?" 09-08
- -11-13-08 A Freeze on New U.S. Coal Plants? (Time.com)
"Environmentalists have long known that when it comes to climate change, coal will be a dealbreaker. The carbon-intensive fossil fuel provides nearly half of the United States' electricity, and is responsible for some 30% of the country's greenhouse gas emissions. That's just due to the coal plants already operating as the U.S. looks to expand its energy supply to meet rising demand in the future, over 100 coal plants are in various stages of development around the country. If those plants are built without the means to capture and sequester underground the carbon they emit and it's far from clear that such technology will be commercially viable in the near-term our ambitious goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and avert climate change will be meaningless." 11-08
- -05-28-09 Scientology on Trial in France (Time.com)
"If found guilty, the defendants would face fines and possible prison time. But a conviction would also allow French authorities to designate Scientology as a criminal organization conceived to fleece its followers, which would lead to the banning of the religion in France. That exceptional measure would force Scientology out of the country or underground, along with outlawed practices like Satanism. Given that Scientology has 8 million members worldwide, that strikes some observers are [sic] extreme." 05-09
- Leaders Claim Iran Building a Secret Nuclear Facility (New York Times)
"President Obama and the leaders of Britain and France accused Iran on Friday of building a secret underground plant to manufacture nuclear fuel, saying the country has hidden the covert operation from international weapons inspectors for years." 09-09
- -01-22-10 Carbon Capture and Storage (Times.com)
"China and India aren't going to suddenly shut down all their new coal power plants, nor will Western industrial giants close their factories overnight. Solar and wind may be today's sexy new energy sources, but coal is the fastest-growing fuel in the world, boasting twice the known gas reserves and three times the known oil reserves."
"That's why governments and industry have recently begun to pay more attention to carbon capture and storage (CCS) a process that traps CO2 produced by factories and gas or coal power stations and then stores it, usually underground."
"The potential impact of CCS is huge. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change says CCS could contribute between 10% and 55% of the cumulative worldwide carbon-mitigation effort over the next 90 years.""
Editor's Note: Storing carbon as waste makes no sense when it can be stored as activated charcoal (biochar) to improve the productivity of soils and help to clean water--for a fraction of the cost of storage as a gas. See Biochar and Biomass. 01-10
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[Dr. Jerry Adams at jadams@awesomelibrary.org.]
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