Terms: scientists
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1. Scientists' Biographies (PBS)
   Provides biographies of scientists from the fields of medicine and health, physics and astronomy, human behavior, technology, and earth and life sciences. 3-00

2. Guidelines for Scientists to Teach in the Classroom (Howard Hughes Medical Institute)
   Provides five tips for scientists to improve their presentations to children in a classroom. 11-01

3. Terrorism Background and Threat Assessments (Federation of American Scientists)
   Provides sources of information related to acts of terrorism, threats of terrorism, documents opposing terrorism, and steps to counter terrorism. 3-02

4. Scientists in Iraq (BBC News - Westcott)
   Describes a few of Hussein's top scientists. "Saddam Hussein's top scientists may hold the key to the secrets of Iraq's weapons programmes, but tracking them down and interviewing them is posing one of the biggest challenges to weapons inspectors." 12-02

5. 06-23-03 Scientists Begin Quest to Detect Gravity Waves (SpaceDaily.com)
   "Armed with one of the most advanced scientific instruments of all time, physicists are now watching the universe intently for the first evidence of gravitational waves." 6-03

6. 07-24-03 Scientists Bore Into Ice Over 100,000 Years Old (BBC News)
   "Scientists have drilled through the central Greenland ice cap, obtaining an ice core that records climate data for the past 120,000 years." 7-03

7. Scientists Turn DNA Tubes into Nanowires (Scientific American)
   "Scientists have recruited DNA to manufacture minuscule wires that could be used for nanoscale electronic devices." 1-04

8. Scientists and Inventors - African American (InfoPlease.com)
   Provides biographies. 1-05

9. -03-15-05 Scientists Test Evolution (ABC News)
   "Scientists are bringing the past to life by hatching eggs once thought to be dead and producing colonies of animals as they existed decades ago." 4-05

10. 07-14-05 NIH Scientists Violated Ethics Rules (Bloomberg.com)
    "Almost four dozen scientists at the National Institutes of Health violated rules governing outside contracts with the pharmaceutical industry and nine may be investigated for criminal violations, U.S. lawmakers said." 7-05

11. -07-27-05 Scientists Find Bacteria That Fight Bad Breath (CBS News)
    "Scientists have found bacteria that fight bad breath and smelly feet." 7-05

12. Global Warming More Than Most Scientists Expected (NationalGeographic.com)
    "The temperature rise has put feathered, furry, and scaly animals alike in a state of flux. Some are seeking higher ground, others are breeding earlier, and many can't find enough to eat."
    
    "But these changes—like the warming itself—are already happening more quickly than most researchers expected."
    
    "In the North Sea, for example, such changes have kinked the entire food chain, according to Euan Dunn, head of marine policy for the U.K.'s Royal Society for the Protection of Birds." 8-05

13. Scientists: Arctic Ice Loss Triggering Global Warming (BBC News)
    " 'September 2005 will set a new record minimum in the amount of Arctic sea ice cover,' said Mark Serreze, of the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Boulder, Colorado.' "
    
    "The current rate of shrinkage they calculate at 8% per decade; at this rate there may be no ice at all during the summer of 2060."
    
    " 'These dark areas absorb a lot of the Sun's energy, much more than the ice, and what happens then is that the oceans start to warm up, and it becomes very difficult for ice to form during the following autumn and winter.' "
    
    " 'It looks like this is exactly what we're seeing - a positive feedback effect, a "tipping-point".' "
    
    "The idea behind tipping-points is that at some stage the rate of global warming would accelerate, as rising temperatures break down natural restraints or trigger environmental changes which release further amounts of greenhouse gases."
    
    "The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, a four-year study involving hundreds of scientists, projected an additional temperature rise of 4-7C by 2100." 9-05

14. Scientists: Marketing of "Junk" Food Effective - Stop It (MSNBC News)
    "SpongeBob SquarePants, Shrek and other characters kids love should promote only healthy food, a panel of scientists recommended."
    
    "In a report released Tuesday, the Institute of Medicine said television advertising strongly influences what children under 12 eat." 12-05

15. -03-21-06 Woman With Perfect Memory Baffles Scientists (ABC News)
    AJ's "degree of recall is so much greater than any other person's in the scientific literature that it [her method of categorizing] seems unlikely to be the complete answer, McGaugh adds."
    
    "She is also quite different from savants who have surfaced from time to time with extraordinary abilities in music, art or memory." 3-06

16. Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) Timelines to 2000 (Federation of American Scientists)
    Provides a timeline to the year 2000.

17. -06-12-06 Scientists: First New Species of Human Found (ABC News)
    "In October 2004, a team of Australian and Indonesian archaeologists announced in Nature magazine they had dug up the bones of a brand new, previously unknown humanoid species which they nicknamed 'The Hobbit,' because it was rather small."
    
    "Graphic artists, working with the team, have pictured the hobbit. It's clearly not a dwarf, or a pygmy, but a 3-foot tall species of humans. Hobbs, who worked as a consultant with 60 Minutes on the story, believes they may have had a rudimentary form of language."
    
    "He says it's astounding because the Hobbit’s brain was a third the size of one of ours. And scientists had always used brain size as the most important characteristic separating humans from other animals -- that and the ability to use tools and build fires." 06-06

18. Scientists Worry About Health Risks in Plastic Containers (ABC News)
    "BPA — sometimes indicated by a number 7 on products — is found mostly in strong plastics, such as nondisposable water bottles, baby bottles and in the lining of canned foods."
    
    "BPA — sometimes indicated by a number 7 on products — is found mostly in strong plastics, such as nondisposable water bottles, baby bottles and in the lining of canned foods."
    
    "While the Food and Drug Administration and the American Plastics Council insist BPA is safe, an outspoken biology professor and other scientists believe it may bring all kinds of harm — such as cancer, early puberty, obesity and even attention-deficit disorder." 07-06

19. Scientists

20. 01-29-07 Scientists Gather to Finalize Report on Global Warming (USA Today)
    "Scientists from around the world gathered Monday in Paris to finalize a long-awaited, authoritative report on climate change, expected to give a grim warning of rising temperatures and sea levels worldwide." 01-07

21. Report: Scientists Offer Plan to Combat Global Warming (RedOrbit.com)
    "To head off the worst of climate change, governments must pour tens of billions of dollars more than they are into clean-energy research and enforce sharp rollbacks in fossil-fuel emissions, an expert scientific panel reported to the United Nations on Tuesday." 02-07

22. -03-15-07 Scientists Discover 6 Million New Genes in the Ocean (PBS News)
    "Scientists spent two years trawling the oceans for bacteria and viruses, and in the process discovered 6 million new genes, doubling the number known on Earth and holding promise for new antibiotics and alternative energy sources." 03-07

23. -05-30-07 Scientists Hear the Sun Scream (MSNBC News)
    "Speedy solar storms carrying a billion tons of charged gas through space let out a thunderous scream before they unleash satellite-stopping radiation storms that slam into Earth's magnetic field." 05-07

24. -06-04-07 Study: Dogs More Intelligent Than Scientists Thought (MSNBC News)
    " 'What's surprising and shocking about this is that we thought this sort of imitation was very sophisticated, something seen only in humans,' said Brian Hare, who studies dogs at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany. 'Once again, it ends up dogs are smarter than scientists thought.' "
    
    "The experiment suggests that dogs can put themselves inside the head of another dog -- and perhaps people -- to make relatively complex decisions."
    
    " 'This suggests they can actually think about your intention -- they can look for explanations of your behavior and make inferences about what you are thinking,' Hare said." 06-07

25. Scientists: BPA Chemical May Be a Problem for Humans (PBS.org)
    "The chemical bisphenol A, known as BPA, is used to make many common plastic products used in U.S. homes, including baby bottles. Scientists and expert panels have been tasked with determining whether BPA has adverse effects on human health." 10-07

26. Scientists Observe Supernova in Action (New York Times)
    "Far away on the day of Jan. 9, Earth time, a satellite telescope by the name of Swift, which happened to be gazing at the star’s galaxy, a smudge of stars 88 million light-years away in the constellation Lynx, recorded an unexpected burst of invisible X-rays 100 billion times as bright as the Sun." 05-08

27. -09-06-08 Scientists Create Virtual Telescope 1000 Times Finer Than Hubble (Science Daily)
    "An international team, led by astronomers at the MIT Haystack Observatory, has obtained the closest views ever of what is believed to be a super-massive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy." 09-08

28. -01-26-09 Desperate Times, Desperate Scientists (Salon.com)
    "For the first time in six years, more than 2,000 of the world's top scientists reviewed and synthesized all of the scientific knowledge about global warming. The Fourth Assessment Report makes clear that the accelerating emissions of human-generated heat-trapping gases has brought the planet close to crossing a threshold that will lead to irreversible catastrophe. Yet like Cassandra's warning about the Trojan horse, the IPCC report has fallen on deaf ears, especially those of conservative politicians, even as its findings are the most grave to date." 01-09

29. Union of Concerned Scientists: ExxonMobil Paid to Confuse Public on Global Warming (USA Today)
    "ExxonMobil (XOM) gave $16 million to 43 ideological groups between 1998 and 2005 in an effort to mislead the public by discrediting the science behind global warming, the Union of Concerned Scientists asserted Wednesday." 01-07

30. -03-26-09 Six Scientists on the Cutting Edge of Environmental Research (U.S. News)
    Provides an update on the work of six scientists. 03-09

31. -04-03-09 Scientists Admit Global Warming Is a Hoax...Not (Christian Science Monitor)
    "In an unprecedented move Wednesday, the Norwegian Nobel Committee rescinded the Peace Prize it awarded in 2007 to former US vice president Al Gore and the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, amid overwhelming evidence that global warming is an elaborate hoax cooked up by Mr. Gore."
    
    "After revoking the 2007 prize from Gore and the IPCC, the Nobel committee retroactively awarded it to the more than 31,000 people who signed the Oregon Petition – an appeal challenging the notion that there exists a scientific consensus regarding global warming – 'for their efforts to pursue pure, objective science that is free from the influence of any special interest group.' "
    
    "The prize of about $1.53 million will be divided equally among the petition’s signatories, whose expertise ranges from astrology to Intelligent Design."
    
    Editor's Note: This article is an April's Fools Day joke, if it was not sufficiently obvious. 04-09

32. Scientists: C.I.A. Misused Information on Sleep Deprivation (Time.com)
    "German and French researchers whose work has been cited by the CIA and the Justice Department to help justify the legality of harsh interrogation techniques, including prolonged sleep deprivation, condemned the Bush Administration on Tuesday for misusing their scientific findings." 04-09

33. Scientists Clone Glowing Dogs (CBS News)
    "South Korean scientists say they have engineered four beagles that glow red using cloning techniques that could help develop cures for human diseases." 04-09

34. -Seven Policies to Slow Climate Change (Union of Concerned Scientists)
    "Over the years, state and federal governments have taken a number of policy actions to encourage renewable energy production. In states committed to seeing them through, the policies have been very successful. New policies are needed if renewables are to compete successfully in deregulated electricity generation markets." 09-09

35. -11-02-09 Scientists Decode Pig DNA (Time.com)
    "An international group of scientists has decoded the DNA of the domestic pig, research that may one day prove useful in finding new treatments for both pigs and people, and perhaps aid in efforts for a new swine flu vaccine for pigs."
    
    "Pigs and humans are similar in size and makeup, and swine are often used in human research. Scientists say they rely on pigs to study everything from obesity and heart disease to skin disorders." 11-09

36. Scientists: The Moon Has Significant Water (USA Today)
    " 'There's water, and it is not just a little water, but significant amounts,' says NASA's Anthony Colaprete, chief science investigator for the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS)." 11-09

37. -01-05-10 C.I.A. Shares Data With Climate Scientists (New York Times)
    "The nation’s top scientists and spies are collaborating on an effort to use the federal government’s intelligence assets — including spy satellites and other classified sensors — to assess the hidden complexities of environmental change." 01-10

38. -03-03-10 Scientists Take Steps to Defend Work on Climate Change (New York Times)
    "For months, climate scientists have taken a vicious beating in the media and on the Internet, accused of hiding data, covering up errors and suppressing alternate views. Their response until now has been largely to assert the legitimacy of the vast body of climate science and to mock their critics as cranks and know-nothings."
    
    "But the volume of criticism and the depth of doubt have only grown, and many scientists now realize they are facing a crisis of public confidence and have to fight back. Tentatively and grudgingly, they are beginning to engage their critics, admit mistakes, open up their data and reshape the way they conduct their work." 03-10

39. Scientists Create First Artificial Genome (ABC News)
    "It may not quite be 'Frankenstein,' but for the first time scientists have created an organism controlled by completely manmade DNA."
    
    "Using the tools of synthetic biology, scientists from the J. Craig Venter Institute installed a completely artificial genome inside a host cell without DNA. Like the bolt of lightening that awakened Frankenstein, the new genome invigorated the host cell, which began to grow and reproduce, albeit with a few problems." 05-10

40. -07-03-10 EPA Scientists Discuss Dispersants (CNN News)
    "The EPA study showed that the chemicals, when not mixed with oil, did not significantly disrupt the endocrine systems of marine life. But the agency has said it plans to conduct more tests of the toxicity of the dispersant when mixed with crude." 07-10

41. 09-30-10 Scientists: Planet Like Earth Found (CNN News)
    "A team of astronomers from the University of California and the Carnegie Institute of Washington say they've found a planet like ours, 20 light years (120 trillion miles) from Earth, where the basic conditions for life are good." 09-10

42. 01-25-11 Scientists Identify Gene for Spread of Cancer (CBS News)
    "Scientists in England say they have identified the gene that is responsible for cancer's spread through the body - raising the possibility of a 'one-size-fits-all' cure for the disease by developing a drug that switches off the gene.Most deaths from cancer result from its gradual metastasis, or spreading, from the original cancer site to other tissues and organs." 01-11

43. Scientists Look for the "God Particle" (CBS News)
    " The Large Hadron Collider sits 300 feet below the surface of the Earth on the rural France-Switzerland border, spinning and smashing particles at near-light speed, costing many billions of dollars, and consuming countless hours of some of the best scientific minds in the world, mostly to answer one important question: What, exactly, is matter?" 05-11

44. -06-15-11 Scientists Study Murderous Mama Monkeys (Time.com)
    "For any species hoping to survive in the wild, the lifetime to-do list is agreeably brief: eat, mate, defend your turf and above all, protect your young. It's that last one that seems the most primally encoded, and for good reason: it's hardly possible to pass on your genes if your babies die before they're old enough to have offspring of their own. And yet not only do animals sometimes fail to protect the young of their species, they often kill them themselves." 06-11

45. -12-31-11 Scientists Use Cloning to Create Stem Cells (Time.com)
    "It's not quite human cloning, but it's close. Researchers reported using a variation of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) — the same technique that created Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to be cloned, from a skin cell of a ewe — on human cells. SCNT involves replacing the genetic material of an egg cell with the DNA from a mature cell (a skin cell, for example). The egg is then stimulated to divide, and if it develops fully, produces a genetically identical clone of the animal from which the mature cell was taken." 12-11

46. American Enterprise Institute Pays Scientists to Debunk Climate Change Report (SourceWatch.org)
    "In February 2007, The Guardian (UK) reported that AEI was offering scientists and economists $10,000 each, 'to undermine a major climate change report' from the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). AEI asked for 'articles that emphasise the shortcomings' of the IPCC report, which 'is widely regarded as the most comprehensive review yet of climate change science.' AEI visiting scholar Kenneth Green made the $10,000 offer 'to scientists in Britain, the US and elsewhere,' in a letter describing the IPCC as 'resistant to reasonable criticism and dissent.' " [7]
    
    "The Guardian reported further that AEI 'has received more than $1.6m from ExxonMobil, and more than 20 of its staff have worked as consultants to the Bush administration. Lee Raymond, a former head of ExxonMobil, is the vice-chairman of AEI's board of trustees,' added The Guardian. [8]" 02-12

47. Debunking Climate Change Deniers (Union of Concerned Scientists)
    "The overwhelming consensus among climate scientists is that global warming is real, primarily caused by human activity, and a serious threat to our future. Yet media extremists, partisan think tanks, and special interest groups funded by fossil fuel and related industries continue to raise doubts in the minds of the public." 02-12

48. Editorial: Climate Scientists and Smear Campaigns (CNN News)
    " I worked on climate change research that indicated the world is a lot warmer today than it was in the past. Because that research caught the public's attention when it was released in 1998, I became one of dozens of climate researchers who have been systematically targeted by a well-funded anti-science campaign.Ironically, as these attacks have grown, the scientific facts have become ever clearer. Climate scientists know the world is warming and human activity -- particularly burning coal and oil -- is the primary driver. The idea of addressing climate change threatens some people in the fossil fuel industry. And a vocal minority of corporate interests and their ideological allies are spending a lot of money to hijack the public debate about climate change." 03-12

49. Scientists Map the Entire Genome of a Human Fetus (Time.com)
    "It may sound like something conjured by Jules Verne, but it happened at the University of Washington: a professor and his graduate student used DNA samples from the parents of a baby boy who was still in utero and reconstructed his entire genetic makeup from A to Z." 06-12

50. -09-26-12 Scientists Create a New Element (CBS News)
    "Scientists in Japan think they've finally created the elusive element 113, one of the missing items on the periodic table of elements."
    
    The first synthetic element was created in 1940, and so far 20 different elements have been made. All of these are unstable and last only seconds, at most, before breaking apart into smaller elements. 09-12