Terms: nitrogen
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- Autos - Liquid Nitrogen Power (University of Washington)
Provides the design for a car powered by liquid nitrogen, considered a much more environmental friendly source of energy than electric or gasoline power.
- Air Pollutants and Their Effects (Xavier)
Discusses the concentrations, causes, and effects of Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, Nitrogen oxides, Hydrocarbons, Ozone, Particulates, Lead, and Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). 8-01
- Saving Soil and Trees While Fighting Hunger (Washington Post)
"Dr. Pedro Sanchez loves dirt. The prize-winning soil scientist says that poor quality soil is the cause of many of the evils that plague poor countries, from hunger and poverty to environmental devastation caused by slash-and-burn farming."
"...Sanchez has helped teach 150,000 small-scale African farmers how to boost grain production by bettering their dirt — that is, by replenishing soil nutrients with nitrogen from native vegetation and phosphates from rocks."
"As a result, those farmers can feed their families without having to burn more forests to get fertile land." 8-02
- Coal Power Plants and Pollution (Sierra Club)
"In the US today, coal is the number one source of electricity produced (54%), followed by nuclear sources (21%), hydropower (16%), natural gas (9%), oil (2%), and other non-renewables (3%)." "Out of the entire electric industry, coal-fired power plants contribute 96% of sulfur dioxide emissions, 93% of nitrogen oxide emissions, 88% of carbon dioxide emissions, and 99% of mercury emissions." 11-02
- Buses - Hybrids Start Saving Air Quality (ValleyCleanCities.org)
"The annual fuel savings alone from the new fleet will be equal to replacing more than 8,000 internal combustion engine cars with hybrid electric vehicles. Additionally, the new hybrid buses will produce 90 percent fewer particulates, and hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions and 60 percent fewer oxides of nitrogen than the buses they are replacing."
" 'For example, replacing the 13,000 buses operating in the nine largest transit markets in the United States with our hybrid technology would result in annual savings of more than 40 million gallons of fuel, equivalent to more than half a million small hybrid passenger vehicles.' ” 6-04
- Glossary for Chemistry J - N (Tissue)
Provides definitions and examples at a college level. Includes Jablonski diagram, Kirchoff's rules, Lamb dip, Lasers, Laser spectroscopy, Laser-induced fluorescence, Le Chatelier's Principle, Lenses, Lewis acids and bases, Lifetime, excited-state (theory of atomic spectroscopy transitions), Ligand, Light (electromagnetic radiation), Light: interaction with matter, Light microscopy, Light sources, Linear regression, Linear-sweep voltammetry, Linewidths (theory of atomic spectroscopy transitions), Liquid chromatography (LC), Liquid chromatography columns, Lock-in amplifier, Lorentzian spectral lineshape, Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), Mach-Zender interferometer, Magnetic-sector mass spectrometry, Mass spectrometry (introduction), Materials analysis (cross-reference listing), Michelson interferometer, Microchannel plate (MCP), Microscopy (introduction), Mirrors, Molecular energy levels, Monochromators, Morse potential (diatomic molecule), Mossbauer spectroscopy, Neutron diffraction, Near-field optical microscopy (NFOM), Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), Nernst equation, Neutron activation analysis (NAA), Nitrogen-phosphorus detector (NPD), Normal pulse polarography (NPP), and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). 1-05
- Plan to Put Human Gene Bank on the Moon (ABC News)
"Imagine if an asteroid plunged into Earth, killing all life in a giant fireball, or hostile aliens from a far-away planet launched an invasion and wiped out all life on our planet? Or what if a mutant, deadly plague spread from person to person and animal to animal and caused a vast extinction?"
"To get an idea of what the Alliance to Rescue Civilization has in mind, consider its acronym — ARC. The concept is to establish a genetic Noah's Ark of sorts or a protected stash of genomes from Earth's wide array of species and individuals. The concept is somewhat similar to the Frozen Zoo project, based at the San Diego Zoo, and the London-based Frozen Ark, where researchers collect genetic material from rare and threatened animal species and store it in liquid nitrogen for future research."
"The difference is this genetic library could one day be used to revive the human species. And it's not just the Alliance to Rescue Civilization that has pondered such a moon-based bank. Bernard Foing, chief scientist with the European Space Agency, said it's an idea that his agency has discussed for some time." 3-05
- Hydrogen and Natural Gas Vehicles (EERE.Energy.gov)
"Vehicles fueled with hydrogen/natural gas blends (HCNG) are an initial step toward the hydrogen-based transportation of the future. HCNG vehicles offer the potential for immediate emissions benefits, such as a reduction in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. At the same time, they can pave the way for a transition to fuel cell vehicles by building early demand for hydrogen infrastructure." 08-06
- Ultra Low Emissions Device Developed for Burning Fuel (GaTech.edu)
"Georgia Tech researchers have created a new combustor (combustion chamber where fuel is burned to power an engine or gas turbine) designed to burn fuel in a wide range of devices -- with next to no emission of nitrogen oxide (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO), two of the primary causes of air pollution. The device has a simpler design than existing state-of-the-art combustors and could be manufactured and maintained at a much lower cost, making it more affordable in everything from jet engines and power plants to home water heaters." The device is called a Stagnation-Point Reverse-Flow Combustor. 11-06
- Scientists Discover 6 Million New Genes in the Ocean (PBS News)
"Scientists spent two years trawling the oceans for bacteria and viruses, and in the process discovered 6 million new genes, doubling the number known on Earth and holding promise for new antibiotics and alternative energy sources."
"The newly discovered genes include those that help microbes use the sun's energy in new ways, help them use nitrogen and protect them from ultraviolet light, the scientists reported." 03-07
- Gamma-Ray Bursts (Wikipedia.org)
"Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most luminous events known in the universe since the Big Bang. They are flashes of gamma rays coming from seemingly random places in deep space at random times. GRBs last from milliseconds to many minutes, and are often followed by 'afterglow' emission at longer wavelengths (X-ray, UV, optical, IR, and radio). Gamma-ray bursts are detected by orbiting satellites about two to three times a week, as of 2007, though their actual rate of occurrence is much higher."
"One line of research has investigated the consequences of Earth being hit by a beam of gamma rays from a nearby (about 500 light years) gamma ray burst. This is motivated by the efforts to explain mass extinctions on Earth and estimate the probability of extraterrestrial life. The consensus seems to be that the damage that a gamma ray burst could do would be limited by its very short duration, and the fact that it would only cover half the Earth (the other half would be in its shadow). A sufficiently close gamma ray burst could do serious damage to atmospheric chemistry, perhaps instantly wiping out half the ozone layer, and causing nitrogen-oxygen recombination, generating acidic nitrogen oxides. These effects would diffuse across to the other side of the Earth and result in long-term climate and atmospheric changes, resulting in a mass extinction. The damage from a gamma ray burst would probably be significantly greater than a supernova at the same distance." 10-07
- -10-08-07 Largest Environmental Settlement in Justice Department History (CNN News)
"In the largest environmental settlement in Justice Department history, American Electric Power has agreed to install $4.6 billion in equipment to sharply reduce emissions at coal-fired power plants in five states, sources said."
"Government lawyers and scientists say 70 percent of sulfur dioxide emissions each year and 30 percent of nitrogen oxide emissions are produced by electric utility plants."
"Environmental scientists have linked emissions from coal-fired power plants to forest degradation, waterway damage and reservoir contamination." 10-07
- Fertilizers Creating a Huge "Dead Zone" in the Gulf (MSNBC News)
"The nation's corn crop is fertilized with millions of pounds of nitrogen-based fertilizer. And when that nitrogen runs off fields in Corn Belt states, it makes its way to the Mississippi River and eventually pours into the Gulf, where it contributes to a growing "dead zone" — a 7,900-square-mile patch so depleted of oxygen that fish, crabs and shrimp suffocate." 12-07
- How Much Biochar to Use (RodaleInstitute.org)
"Researchers and their interns used precious hours of sunshine this week as the Rodale Institute kicked off its exploration of biochar as a carbon-sequestering practice, applying at the rate of 5,000 pounds per to selected plots. By charring biomass (say nitrogen-fixing trees) under controlled conditions (pyrolysis), farms could generate power by capturing released syngas while transforming half of the incoming carbon into the super-stable charcoal form. The application rate was chosen for study because it’s an order of magnitude (10 times) greater than carbon sequestered (per acre per year) by a good cover crop stand." 06-09
- Biochar Benefits (TruthOut.org)
"Nitrous oxide is 270 times more potent than CO2 as a greenhouse gas and it lasts for 150 years in the atmosphere. Use of nitrogen fertilizers is a major source of the gas, and a difficult one to mitigate. But agrichar applied to fields seems to have a significant damping effect on nitrous oxide emissions."
"Australia has some of the poorest soils in the world - 75 percent of Australia's soils have less than one percent carbon." 06-09
- Geoengineering Conclusions (ScienceDaily.com)
"Key findings include:
-Enhancing carbon sinks could bring CO2 back to its pre-industrial level, but not before 2100 – and only when combined with strong mitigation of CO2 emissions
-Stratospheric aerosol injections and sunshades in space have by far the greatest potential to cool the climate by 2050 - but also carry the greatest risk
-Surprisingly, existing activities that add phosphorous to the ocean may have greater long-term carbon sequestration potential than deliberately adding iron or nitrogen
-On land, sequestering carbon in new forests and as ‘bio-char’ (charcoal added back to the soil) have greater short-term cooling potential than ocean fertilisation." 09-09
- Humic Acid
"TerraVive Humic Acid acts as conditioner for the soil and as bio-catalyst and bio-stimulant for the plant, specially designed to improve soil structure and seed germination, increase root development, and stimulate microbial growth. One advantage advantage of Leonardite-based humic acid is its long-term effectiveness, as it does not consume up so quickly as animal manure, compost or peat. As humic acid is completely decomposed, it does not enter into nutritional competition with plants for nutrients such as for nitrogen. This is not the case with incompletely decomposed compost, whereby the organic substances in soil are rapidly consumed up by micro-organisms and mineralized entirely without humus formation." 08-07
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[Dr. Jerry Adams at jadams@awesomelibrary.org.]
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