Terms: gravity
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- Gravity Shielding Experiments (Skeggs)
Describes experiments to followup on the report of Podkletnov that he was able to shield some materials from gravity. Some call it an anti-gravity device. 8-02
- Gravity Shielding Experiments (Fusion Information Center - Dart)
"Although Podkletnov has said that tests ruled out the possibility that the claimed weight loss was the result of magnetic fields or air flow, his statement is suspect." Provides an alternative explanation to the "anti-gravity" effect that Podkletnov claimed for his experiments. 8-02
- Gravity Shielding Experiments (Interprise Mission - Matthews and sample)
"Scientists in Finland are about to reveal details of the world's first anti-gravity device. Measuring about 12 inch across, the device is said to reduce significantly the weight of anything suspended over it."
"The claim -- which has been rigorously examined by scientists, and is due to appear in a physics journal next month -- could spark a technological revolution. By combatting gravity, the most ubiquitous force in the universe, everything from transport to power generation could be transformed." Includes a diagram. 8-02
- Gravity Shielding Experiments - Applications (Brown)
Discusses uses of a possible "anti-gravity" device, based on the work of Eugene Podkletnov. Includes a diagram. 8-02
- Gravity Shielding Experiments (NASA Message Board)
"In my opinion and I could be wrong, but I think that Podkletnov's experiments have produced results that support Kozyrev's time research and not anti-gravitational effects." 8-02
- Gravity Shielding Experiments Explained (PopularMechanics.com - Wilson)
"Isaac Newton, the first physicist, described gravity as an attraction between two masses (see illustration at top of page). Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity suggests mass actually causes space-time to warp around it. Imagine, for instance, the indentation created by placing a bowling ball on a soft bed.
Both theories explain why apples fall from trees. Scientists consider Einstein's theory superior because it explains also why light–which has no mass–appears to bend in strong gravitational fields."
"Most physicists believe that when NASA flips the switch on its gravity modification experiment, absolutely nothing will happen. Then again, it could start the countdown to a bold new era in space exploration." Editor's Note - The article is dated December, 1997. In August, 2002, Boeing Aircraft announced that it is building an anti-gravity device for NASA. 8-02
- 06-23-03 Speed of Gravity Not Yet Proven (SpaceDaily.com)
"Albert Einstein may have been right that gravity travels at the same speed as light but, contrary to a claim made earlier this year, the theory has not yet been proven." 6-03
- 06-23-03 Scientists Begin Quest to Detect Gravity Waves (SpaceDaily.com)
"Armed with one of the most advanced scientific instruments of all time, physicists are now watching the universe intently for the first evidence of gravitational waves." 6-03
- Gravity - Keys That Do Not Fall to the Floor (Education World - Cobb)
Provides an experiment for children and teens to perform. 12-04
- Loop Quantum Gravity (Wikipedia.org)
"Loop quantum gravity (LQG) is a proposed theory of spacetime which is built from the ground up with the idea of spacetime quantization via the mathematically rigorous theory of loop quantization. It preserves many of the important features of general relativity, such as local Lorentz invariance, while at the same time employing quantization of both space and time at the Planck scale in the tradition of quantum mechanics."
"This is not the most popular theory of quantum gravity; many physicists have philosophical problems with it. For one thing, the critics of this theory say that LQG is one theory of gravity and nothing more. There are many other theories of quantum gravity, and a list of them can be found on the Quantum gravity page." 01-06
- Quantum Gravity (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
"Quantum Gravity: A physical theory describing the gravitational interactions of matter and energy in which matter and energy are described by quantum theory. In most, but not all, theories of quantum gravity, gravity is also quantized. Since the contemporary theory of gravity, general relativity, describes gravitation as the curvature of spacetime by matter and energy, a quantization of gravity implies some sort of quantization of spacetime itself. Insofar as all extant physical theories rely on a classical spacetime background, this presents profound methodological and ontological challenges for the philosopher and the physicist." 01-06
- Quantum Gravity (Cambridge University)
Provides various models for handling quantum gravity. 01-06
- Quantum Gravity (Wikipedia.org)
"Quantum gravity is the field of theoretical physics attempting to unify the theory of quantum mechanics, which describes three of the fundamental forces of nature, with general relativity, the theory of the fourth fundamental force: gravity. The ultimate goal of some is a unified framework for all fundamental forces—a theory of everything." 01-06
- -06-11-06 New Observatory "Seeing" Gravity (LATimes.com)
"What makes LIGO different from other observatories is that it doesn't "see" the cosmos by detecting electromagnetic energy in the form of light, radio waves or X-rays. It feels it, measuring waves of gravity that wrinkle space-time like ripples on a lake." 06-06
- Structure and Evolution of the Universe (NASA)
Attempts to research and describe the structure and evolution of the universe. Scientists call it "Cosmic journeys to the edge of gravity, space, and time." In PDF format. 4-01
- Trailers for Bikes (Cycletote.com)
The "bare trailer" model starts at around 265 dollars, weighs 16.5 pounds, and has a very low center of gravity. Based on specifications and review, this is a Best Buy. Has an automatic disk brake option (for 265 dollars), which is desirable with any trailer when going down steep hills or during emergency stops. It has two wheels and is made of steel for durability. Awesome Library does not endorse this product, but only provides it as an example. 8-01
- Types of Galaxies (Discovery.com)
"Galaxies are enormous swarms of stars, dust, gas, and dark matter held together by gravity." The types (or shapes) are spiral, elliptical, and irregular. 3-02
- Gravitons May Link Subatomic Particles and Beginning of Time (UniSci.com - Hogan and Stricherz)
"Unlike subatomic particles that make up matter and energy as we know them, gravitons are elementary particles that compose the fabric of space and time."
" 'No one has ever seen a graviton, but with these new efforts we might,' Hogan said. 'If you can see gravitons in these maps, then you'll start to see the essence of space and time and matter.' " 3-02
- Black Hole Pulls a Star in Orbit of Galaxy (USA Today - Vergano)
"Astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope have captured evidence of a black hole hurtling through our Milky Way galaxy with gravity so strong it's dragging a star with it." 11-02
- 02-02-03 Israeli Crew Member Carried Student Experiment (Washington Post - Anderson and Moore)
"The experiment that the [Israeli] students had designed for the mission focused on the growth of crystals in zero gravity. It was one of six experiments selected by NASA from high schools around the world to include on the 16-day journey as a way to boost interest in space travel and the development of science and technology."
"The experiment had even greater significance here because one of the seven astronauts aboard Columbia who worked on it was Ramon, Israel's first space traveler." 2-03
- 12-26-03 Beagle 2 Silent, But Orbiter Successful (CNN News)
"Even though a Mars probe has failed to signal it has landed, scientists at the European Space Agency said on Friday the primary mission goal to put a satellite in orbit around Mars was achieved."
"After a six-month, 100 million-km (63 million-mile) journey from Earth to look for signs of life on the planet, the Mars Express will circle the planet on an orbit between 250 km and 12,000 km."
"It will study the surface of the planet, its geology, its weather, and also analyse the atmosphere and its gravity." 12-03
- Structure of the Cosmos (Wikipedia.org)
"A galaxy is a large cluster of stars held together by gravity." Includes Galaxy clouds, Galaxy clusters, Galaxy filaments, Galaxy subclusters, and Galaxy superclusters. 10-04
- Groups and Clusters of Galaxies (Wikipedia.org)
"Galaxy groups and clusters are super-structures in the spread of galaxies of the cosmos. Matter throughout the visible Universe has, over the course of the Universe's history, aggregated into a range of large-scale structures under the influence of gravity. Groups and clusters may contain from ten to thousands of galaxies. The clusters themselves are involved in larger groups called superclusters." 10-04
- Special Relativity (Wikipedia.org)
"The Special relativity (SR) or Special theory of relativity is the physical theory published in 1905 by Albert Einstein. It replaced Newtonian notions of space and time, and incorporated electromagnetism as represented by Maxwell's equations. The theory is called "special" because it is a "special" case of Einstein's principle of relativity where the effects of gravity can be ignored." 10-04
- Glaciers (Wikipedia.org)
"A glacier is a large, long-lasting river of ice that is formed on land and moves in response to gravity." 10-04
- Physics Study Guide (Wikibooks)
Provides chapters on Linear Motion, Force, Momentum, Friction, Work, Energy, Torque and Circular Motion, Fluids, Fields, Gravity, Waves, Wave overtones, Standing waves, Sound, Thermodynamics, Electricity, and Optics. 12-04
- Editorial: Intelligent Design - It's Not Even Wrong (AgiWeb.org - Holt)
"Science, by definition, is a method of learning about the physical universe by asking questions in a way that they can be answered empirically and verifiably. If a question cannot be framed so that the answer is testable by looking at physical evidence and by allowing other people to repeat and replicate one's test, then it is not science. The term science also refers to the organized body of knowledge that results from scientific study. Intelligent design offers no way to investigate design scientifically. Intelligent design explains complicated phenomena of the natural world by involving a designer. This way of thinking says things behave the way they do because God makes them behave that way. This treads not into science but into the realm of faith."
"Creationists and others who denigrate the concept of evolution call it a theory, with a dismissive tone. They say that, as a theory, it is up for debate."
"There are actually very few theories in science, including atomic theory, the theory of gravity, the theory of evolution, and the theory of the standard model of particle physics. Without the ability to test the hypotheses of Intelligent Design, it cannot be considered a theory in the scientific sense." 12-05
- Origin of Tetrapods (Scientific American)
"As tetrapods ventured onto shore, they encountered challenges that no vertebrate had ever faced before--it was not just a matter of developing legs and walking away. Land is a radically different medium from water, and to conquer it, tetrapods had to evolve novel ways to breathe, hear, and contend with gravity--the list goes on. Once this extreme makeover reached completion, however, the land was theirs to exploit." 12-05
- Planck Scale (Wikipedia.org)
"The Planck units are often semi-humorously referred to by physicists as 'God's units'. They eliminate anthropocentric arbitrariness from the system of units: some physicists believe that an extra-terrestrial intelligence might be expected to use the same system."
"At the 'Planck scales' in length, time, density, or temperature, one must consider both the effects of quantum mechanics and general relativity. Unfortunately this requires a theory of quantum gravity which does not yet exist."
"Most of the Planck units are either too small or too large for practical use, unless prefixed with large powers of ten." 01-06
- Principia Mathematica (Wikipedia.org)
"The Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Latin: "mathematical principles of natural philosophy", often Principia or Principia Mathematica for short) is a three-volume work by Isaac Newton published on July 5, 1687. It contains the statement of Newton's laws of motion forming the foundation of classical mechanics as well as his law of universal gravitation. He derives Kepler's laws for the motion of the planets (which were first obtained empirically)." 06-06
- Antimatter (CERN)
"For every particle (matter) there is a corresponding antiparticle (antimatter). Antiparticles are the same as the corresponding matter particle in every respect except for their opposite charges. A proton is electrically positive: an anti-proton is electrically negative. They both have the exact same mass, so they are affected in the same way by gravity."
"When a particle and its antiparticle meet, they annihilate into pure energy. This energy may then give rise to neutral force-carrier particles, such as photons, Z bosons, or gluons." 06-07
- -Disinfecting Water with a UV Lamp (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - Gadgil)
"Gadgil's UV Waterworks is a small simple device that uses ultraviolet light to quickly, safely, and cheaply disinfect water of the viruses and bacteria that cause cholera, typhoid, dysentery and other deadly diarrheal diseases."
"Unlike other ultraviolet-based water purifiers, UV Waterworks does not require pressurized water-delivery systems and electrical outlets to work. It is designed to rely on gravity for water flow which means it can be used with any source of water, and only needs electricity for the UV light, which means it can be powered by a car-battery or a 40 watt solar cell. The end result is that UV Waterworks offers the first practical means of providing communities in developing nations with readily accessible supplies of safe drinking water." 07-07
- The Big Rip (NewScientist.com)
"Stand by for a nightmare end to the Universe - a runaway expansion so violent that galaxies, planets and even atomic nuclei are literally ripped apart. The scenario could play out as soon as 22 billion years from now."
" 'Until now we thought the Universe would either re-collapse to a big crunch or expand forever to a state of infinite dilution,' says Robert Caldwell of Dartmouth College, New Hampshire. 'Now we've come up with a third possibility - the "big rip".' "
"Most physicists probably will not be rooting for phantom energy. That is because if it exists, it will cause them all kinds of theoretical headaches. For example, Einstein's theory of gravity predicts the existence of minuscule wormholes - short cuts through space-time."
"Normally they snap shut so fast we never notice them. But phantom energy's repulsive gravity would be powerful enough to hold wormholes open, and perhaps even push them wide enough apart for spacecraft to use them for faster-than-light travel. 'This raises the spectre of time machines and all their paradoxes, which physicists find very uncomfortable,' says Caldwell." 10-07
- Rain Barrels: Size Needed (Rain-Barrel.net)
"Rain barrels are 50-100 gallon covered plastic tanks with a hole in the top for downspout discharge, an overflow outlet, and a valve and hose adapter at the bottom. They are used almost exclusively on residential properties. Since rain barrels rely on gravity flow, they should be placed near, and slightly higher than, the point of use (whether a garden, flower bed, or lawn.) The overflow outlet should be routed to a dry well, bioretention area, or rain garden. It is important for property owners to use the water in rain barrels on a regular basis, or else they fill up and no additional roof runoff can be stored. It is recommended that each house have at least two rain barrels; a one inch storm produces over 500 gallons of water on a 1000 square foot roof." 01-08
- Globular Cluster (Wikipedia.org)
"A globular cluster is a spherical collection of stars that orbits a galactic core as a satellite. Globular clusters are very tightly bound by gravity, which gives them their spherical shapes and relatively high stellar densities toward their centers. The name of this category of star cluster is derived from the Latin globulus—a small sphere. A globular cluster is sometimes known more simply as a globular." 10-09
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[Dr. Jerry Adams at jadams@awesomelibrary.org.]
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