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  1. Clouds - Create a Cloud (Windows on the Universe)
      Provides a lesson. 2-03

  2. Geoengineering by Seeding Clouds (Time.com)
      "This week, another of the perennials got a good, close look when a study by the Carnegie Institution and the Indian Institute of Science explored the idea of seeding clouds to make them whiter and more reflective—essentially the mirror idea but without the actual mirrors. The good news: It works! The bad news: You'd better like monsoons." 06-10

  3. Using Biodiesel in the Winter (JourneytoForever.org)
      "Like petroleum diesel fuel, biodiesel clouds when the weather gets cold, filling with little crystals of wax that can clog the fuel filter. When it gets colder still the biodiesel gels -- sets solid and won't flow or pour." 10-04

  4. Structure of the Cosmos (Wikipedia.org)
      "A galaxy is a large cluster of stars held together by gravity." Includes Galaxy clouds, Galaxy clusters, Galaxy filaments, Galaxy subclusters, and Galaxy superclusters. 10-04

  5. -01-14-05 Cassini Spacecraft Probe to Land on Titan (CNN News)
      "The Huygens probe is plunging through the orange clouds of Saturn's moon Titan, and scientists hope to soon have their first glimpse of the mysterious moon." 1-05

  6. -12-01-05 Malawi Poverty and Disease: Half Face Starvation (CNN News)
      "This is one of the world's 10 poorest countries; life expectancy is a mere 37 years; two-thirds of the population live on less than a dollar a day; one in six adults is HIV positive, and nearly half the population of 12 million faces starvation in coming months if help doesn't arrive soon."

      "That's 5 million people, which is half the population of London or New York City."

      "Malawi is in deep trouble after a fourth straight season of failed rains, which made farmlands and fields bone dry. November was supposed to usher in the rainy season -- but the skies were a clear blue and no clouds are in sight."

      "The majority of Malawians are subsistence farmers - and they are crying out for help."

  7. Life Began in Space? (Scientific American)
      "Louis Allamandola and his colleagues at the NASA Ames Research Center have created primitive cells of a sort—empty, two-layer membranes (see image)—from elementary chemicals, exposed to conditions like those in interstellar clouds. 'Scientists believe the molecules needed to make a cell's membrane, and thus for the origin of life, are all over space,' Allamandola says. 'This discovery implies that life could be everywhere in the universe.' " 12-05

  8. Experiments Help Explain "Floppy" Space Molecule (Physorg.com)
      "A laboratory method developed for making and analyzing cold, concentrated samples of a mysterious 'floppy' molecule thought to be abundant only in outer space has revealed new data that help explain the molecule's properties."

      "The advance, described in the Jan. 6 issue of Science,* is a step toward overcoming a decades-old challenge in chemistry--explaining reactions that occur within very cold clouds among the stars, and perhaps for developing new chemical processes." 01-06

  9. Reflection Nebulae (Wikipedia.org)
      "In astronomy, reflection nebulae are clouds of dust which are simply reflecting the light of a nearby star or stars. The nearby star or stars are not hot enough to cause ionization in the gas of the nebula like in emission nebulae but are bright enough to give sufficient scattering to make the dust visible. Thus, the frequency spectrum shown by reflection nebulae is similar to that of the illuminating stars." Also spelled "nebulas." 01-06

  10. Types of Nebulae (NinePlanets.org)
      "Originally, the word 'nebula' referred to almost any extended astronomical object (other than planets and comets). The etymological root of 'nebula' means 'cloud'. As is usual in astronomy, the old terminology survives in modern usage in sometimes confusing ways. We sometimes use the word 'nebula' to refer to galaxies, various types of star clusters and various kinds of interstellar dust/gas clouds. More strictly speaking, the word 'nebula' should be reserved for gas and dust clouds and not for groups of stars." Also spelled "nebulas." 01-06

  11. -04-13-06 New Pictures From Venus (MSNBC News)
      "European scientists released new photos of Venus’ south pole Thursday, revealing a swirling mass of sulfuric acid clouds powered by 220 mph winds." 04-06

  12. Rain Barrels (RainBarrelGuide.com)
      "To illustrate how important and how limited a resource freshwater is in our world, consider the following. More than 70 percent of the Earth's surface is covered by water, but only 2.5% of this supply is considered fresh water. The rest is found in the form of salt water in the oceans. Of the fresh water that exists, most is locked up in glaciers and ice caps. Water can also be found in the form of clouds and humidity in the soil. That leaves us 3/10 of 1 percent found in the form of lakes, rivers and streams. Unfortunately, much of this small amount of freshwater is in danger of drying up through desertification or becoming so contaminated that it cannot be used for human consumption. Changing our habits of water use can help to abate this growing problem." 08-07

  13. Rain Barrels (RainSaver.usa)
      "To illustrate how important and how limited a resource freshwater is in our world, consider the following. More than 70 percent of the Earth's surface is covered by water, but only 2.5% of this supply is considered fresh water. The rest is found in the form of salt water in the oceans. Of the fresh water that exists, most is locked up in glaciers and ice caps. Water can also be found in the form of clouds and humidity in the soil. That leaves us 3/10 of 1 percent found in the form of lakes, rivers and streams. Unfortunately, much of this small amount of freshwater is in danger of drying up through desertification or becoming so contaminated that it cannot be used for human consumption. Changing our habits of water use can help to abate this growing problem."

      Provides information to compute the yield of rainwater from a roof or other catchment. 08-07

  14. -12-13-08 First "Clean" Coal Plant? (ABC News)
      "Earlier this month, the world's first coal-fired power plant designed to capture and store carbon dioxide that it produces began operations in Spremberg [Germany]. The pilot plant has been built at a power station that, under Communist rule last century, used to belch out clouds of sulfurous smoke from burning brown coal, or lignite. 'Industrial history is being written,' says Tuomo Hatakka, chair of the European board of Vattenfall, the Swedish power company behind the new plant. Indeed, the development of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is seen by many experts as essential to help the world cut carbon-dioxide emissions in coal-fired power stations." 12-08

  15. -06-28-09 The Suns's Protection is Not Constant (NewScientist.com)
      "The sun protects us from cosmic rays and dust from beyond the solar system by enveloping us in the heliosphere - a bubble of solar wind that extends past Pluto. These cosmic rays would damage the ozone layer, and interstellar dust could dim sunlight and trigger an ice age. However, when the solar system passes through very dense gas and dust clouds, the heliosphere can shrink until its edge is inside Earth's orbit." 06-09

  16. Stratosphere a Key to Global Climate (Christian Science Monitor)
      "Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. By some estimates, it accounts for anywhere from 36 percent to 85 percent of the atmosphere's greenhouse effect, depending on whether clouds are included." 01-10

  17. Geoengineering Alternatives (IPSNews.net)
      "The geoengineering proposals include installing giant vertical pipes in the ocean to bring cold water to the surface, pumping vast amounts of sulphates into the stratosphere to block sunlight, or blowing ocean salt spray into clouds to increase their reflectivity."

      "Broadly speaking, there are two main geoengineering approaches: solar radiation management and carbon sequestration, in other words, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to reduce the concentration of this greenhouse-effect gas."

  18. Geoengineering: A Short-Term Delay for Climate Change? (Time.com)
      "Under a plan currently being developed by Nathan Myhrvold's Intellectual Ventures, sulfur dioxide would be pumped up a 25-km-long pipe suspended by high-altitude balloons, then sprayed out into the stratosphere. Myhrvold, formerly Microsoft's chief technology officer, says just one such pipe less than a foot in diameter could do the job for the entire northern hemisphere — at a cost of less than $1 billion. More research is needed, however, to establish the technology's ramifications, including its effects on ozone levels."

      "An even more promising solution is something called marine cloud-whitening. The idea is that if you fill the air with tiny particles around which water vapor can condense, you'll get denser, whiter clouds that will reflect more solar energy back into space, thus cooling the planet."

      "SAI and marine cloud-whitening are just two of many possible geoengineering projects. Others range from putting giant mirrors in space to planting billions of trees. What they all have in common is the potential to have a large and immediate impact on global temperatures at relatively low cost. None represent any kind of permanent solution to climate change." 11-10

  19. The Very First Stars (Time.com)
      "Astronomers have a pretty good idea how the universe took shape following the Big Bang — with one glaring exception. About 400,000 years after the great detonation itself, as the super-heated particles it created cooled and formed into atoms, the entire universe went black. A few hundred million years later, the darkness began to lift as the first stars congealed from clouds of cosmic gas. 'The universe,' says Voker Bromm, of the University of Texas at Austin, 'underwent a crucial transition from a very simple state into a state of ever more complex structure.' "

      "Scientists used high-energy radiation from blazars to measure the light from the first stars." 11-12

  20. -Climate Change Expected to be "Catastrophic" by 2100 (Design and Trend)
      "According to the Huffington Post, in a study published in the journal Nature, research found that as the planet Earth heats, fewer sunlight-reflecting clouds form, causing temperatures to rise further in an upward spiral.”

      "Global temperatures will drastically rise by at least 4 degrees Celsius by 2100, or about 7.2 degrees Fahrenheit, the new study revealed."

      " '4C would likely be catastrophic rather than simply dangerous,' lead researcher Steven Sherwood told the Guardian." 02-14

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