Terms: brazil
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1. 01-03-04 Brazil Fingerprints Americans Now (Miami Herald - Hall)
   "Federal Police in Brazil on Friday ordered immigration authorities to begin fingerprinting and photographing American tourists as they arrive at airports, cruise ship terminals and land borders in this continent-sized nation."
   
   "The decision was in response to a similar move by the United States. On Jan. 5, a U.S. rule takes effect across 115 U.S. airports that will require most visiting tourists, including those from Brazil, to have their photographs and fingerprints logged digitally as they clear immigration procedures."
   
   "Brazil's reaction is one more sign of deteriorating relations between the United States and Latin America's most populous nation."
   
   "Brazil, a country of 170 million, traditionally has enjoyed warm relations with the United States. But President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva harshly criticized the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, and the Brazilian media recently have taken a more hostile view of the United States."
   
   "In September, Brazil led a revolt by developing nations that caused U.S.-led global trade talks to collapse." 1-04

2. Editorial: Brazil Is Almost Independent, We Need to Get Serious (CNN News)
   "And an astounding 40 percent of the transportation fuel used in Brazil is ethanol. Brazilians say within the next year, they won't need to import a drop of oil. Independence. One official who was in on the ethanol program in its earliest days 30 years ago smiled impishly and told me, 'We won.' "
   
   "In the U.S., ethanol represents only 3 percent of the fuel we burn." 03-06

3. -Brazil, the World's Hottest Market (Newsweek.com)
   "The specter of rising food and fuel prices now threatens to destroy an era of unprecedented global prosperity, with two notable exceptions: Brazil and Canada. Both countries produce and export enough food and fuel not just to offset the worst of global inflationary pressures but even to turn the price spike from a menace to a boon. They are the only two major economies where prices have not burst the upper limit of the central bank's inflation target." 07-08

4. Brazil Reacts to High Food Prices (New York Times)
   "Luciano Alves planted beans, corn and grain on about 7,500 acres of his farm in southern Brazil last year. This year, he is planting 8,600 acres. And he credits Brazil’s president, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, with the increase."
   
   " 'The government is helping us finance the purchase of new machinery,' said Mr. Alves. 'They reduced the interest rates we pay and have given us more time to pay off the loans. It’s vital.' " 08-08

5. Brazil (CountryReports.org)
   Provides a profile by topic, including Economy, Defense, Geography, Government, People, National Anthem, Lyrics and Related Links. Provides a map and a flag. 6-02

6. Brazil

7. 11-28-02 Lula Elected President of Brazil (World Press Review - Rapoza)
   Provides goals of the new President of Brazil, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. According to Lula, "My first year will focus on combating hunger." "The program, inspired by former U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s food stamp initiative, is expected to cost roughly US$1.5 million. Funding will come from the federal budget, half of which has already been designated to combat hunger. An estimated 46 million Brazilians eat less than 2 square meals a day, according to a government survey. The program aims to provide an additional 76 reals monthly for 20 percent of the 46 million by the end of 2003, in a country where the minimum wage is 200 reals per month."
   
   "The markets will be watching to make sure Brazil doesn’t invest too much of its cash in projects that are unlikely to generate revenue and will increase the country’s US$288 billion public debt."
   
   "Lula has sought to reassure investors by saying the only way Brazil would be forced to default on its debt is if it were to continue on its present economic course, which he says relies on attracting investment dollars in high-yield government bonds rather than through investment in the productive economy."

8. Brazil (Library of Congress)
   Provides a profile by topic. 11-05

9. Brazil (U.S. State Department)
   Provides a profile by topic. 11-05

10. Brazil (Wikipedia.org)
    "The Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil in Portuguese) is the largest and most populous country in Latin America, and fifth largest in the world." "Exploiting vast natural resources and a large labor pool, it is today South America's leading economic power and a regional leader. A former colony of Portugal, Portuguese is its official language." 11-05

11. News from Brazil (BBC News)
    Provides news in Portuguese. 02-06

12. News from Brazil (OnLineNewspapers.com)
    Provides news in Portuguese. 02-06

13. -06-26-08 Brazil Now a Farming Superpower (MSNBC News)
    "Today, the region grows some of the world's most precious commodities and has made Brazil a farming superpower, according to Robert Thompson, an agricultural economist who worked with the USDA and the World Bank." 06-08

14. By Country Recipes (Sally's Place)
    Provides recipes from Austria, Africa, Belgium, Brazil, Britain, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Morocco, Philippines, South Africa, Spain, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam, and the United States. 3-01

15. Pandeiros (Correia)
    Provides tips on playing the Brazilian pandeiros, related to tamborines. 11-99

16. Lunar Eclipse Finder (Calwell Lunar Observatory)
    Provides information on the different lunar eclipses, as well as a link to a live viewing of the January 2000 lunar eclipse from Brazil. 1-00

17. Rulers by Country - A-C (Schulz)
    Provides a list of leaders by country and date. Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrein, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin (Dahomey), Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso (Upper Volta), Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cap Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa, former Zaire), Costa Rica, Cote Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, and the Czech Republic (Czechoslovakia). leaders, rulers, Presidents, and Prime Ministers 9-00

18. Invasive Species - Aquatic and Wetland Plants (InvasiveSpecies.gov)
    Provides profiles of damaging aquatic and wetland plants, including Brazilian waterweed, Caulerpa, Mediterranean clone, Common reed, Eurasian water-milfoil, Giant-reed, Giant salvinia, Hydrilla, Melaleuca, Purple loosestrife, Water chestnut, and Water hyacinth. Sometimes called alien species. 12-01

19. 06-28-03 "Lungs of the World" in Trouble (MSNBC)
    "The deforestation rate in Brazil’s Amazon, the world’s largest jungle, has jumped 40 percent, sparking alarm among environmentalists and a promise by the government to launch emergency measures."
    
    "The Amazon, an area of continuous tropical forest that is larger than Western Europe, has been described as the 'lungs of the world' because of its vast capacity to produce oxygen."
    
    "Environmentalists fear its destruction because it is home to up to 30 percent of the planet’s animal and plant species and is an important source of medicines." 6-03

20. 08-27-03 U.N. Diplomat Sergio Vieira de Mello Killed in Iraq (WashTimes.com)
    "The 55-year-old Brazilian, who had served over 30 years with the United Nations and was seen as a future secretary-general, was always accessible and approachable, said David Lambo, a friend and former colleague at the U.N. refugee agency."
    
     "Praising his 'boundless energy' and perseverance, he said: 'He always thought there was a way through the problem. His passing has left a big vacuum in the United Nations.' ''
    
     " 'He was truly one of the most charismatic people I've ever known,' he said of the tough negotiator and skilled diplomat." 8-03

21. -03-21-05 Poll: Citizens of 22 Countries Favor Enlarging Security Council (BBC News)
    "There is overwhelming popular support for the UN to be reformed, according to a BBC World Service poll among the citizens of 23 countries."
    
    "They favoured a more powerful UN and backed the idea of adding Germany, India, Japan and Brazil to the organisation's Security Council."
    
    "Most wanted the Security Council to be able to override the veto power of the permanent members." The word "favour" is spelled "favor" in the United States. 3-05

22. -07-23-05 Man Killed by Police not Connected to Bombings (MSNBC News)
    "Police identified the man who was chased down in a subway and shot to death by plainclothes officers as a Brazilian and expressed regret Saturday for his death, saying they no longer believed he was tied to the recent terror bombings."
    
    "Friday’s shooting before horrified commuters prompted criticism of police for overreacting and expressions of fear that Asians and Muslims would be targeted by a 'trigger-happy culture' after two well-coordinated attacks in two weeks."
    
    "The man shot at the Stockwell subway station was identified as Jean Charles de Menezes, 27. Witnesses said he was wearing a heavy, padded coat when plainclothes police chased him into a subway car, pinned him to the ground and shot him in the head and torso." 7-05

23. Editorial: The Murderables in England (WorldPress.org)
    "The murder [by British police] of the Brazilian national marks an important step toward the reduction of constitutional guarantees in Europe, a step made with the approval — or apprehension — of the great majority of a public reasonably frightened by a terrorist attack that has transformed London, as yesterday’s Madrid, and perhaps tomorrow’s Rome, or who knows what other city, into a suburb of Baghdad."
    
    "According to a survey published in London, two thirds of British Muslim youth are thinking of leaving the country where they were born and in which they hold a passport. And this is because they feel they have been made 'objectively suspect' and therefore 'murderable.' " 8-05

24. 08-17-05 British Police Mistake (International Herald Tribune)
    "Britain was plunged into sharp new controversy Wednesday by a leaked official report that contradicts accounts of how the police shot and killed a Brazilian man who was mistaken for a suicide bomber." 8-05

25. Freire, Paulo (Infed.org)
    "Perhaps the most influential thinker about education in the late twentieth century, Paulo Freire has been particularly popular with informal educators with his emphasis on dialogue and his concern for the oppressed."
    
    "Paulo Freire (1921 - 1997), the Brazilian educationalist, has left a significant mark on thinking about progressive practice. His Pedagogy of the Oppressed is currently one of the most quoted educational texts (especially in Latin America, Africa and Asia). Freire was able to draw upon, and weave together, a number of strands of thinking about educational practice and liberation." 9-05

26. -10-22-05 Rainforest Disappearing Twice As Fast (CBS News)
    "Brazil's Amazon rain forest - one of the most biologically productive regions on the planet - is disappearing twice as fast as scientists previously estimated." 10-05

27. Freire, Paulo (Wikipedia.org)
    "Paulo Freire (Recife, Brazil September 19, 1921 - São Paulo, Brazil May 2, 1997) was a Brazilian educator and influential theorist of education."
    
    "Paulo Freire contributes a philosophy of education that comes not only from the more classical approaches stemming from Plato, but also from modern Marxist and anti-colonialist thinkers. In fact, in many ways his Pedagogy of the Oppressed may best be read as an extension of or reply to Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth, which laid strong emphasis on the need to provide native populations with an education which was simultaneously new and modern (rather than traditional) and anti-colonial (that is, that was not simply an extension of the culture of the colonizer).
    
    "Freire is best-known for his attack on what he called the banking concept of education, in which the student was viewed as an empty account to be filled by the teacher. Of course, this is not really a new move — Rousseau's conception of the child as an active learner was already a step away from the tabula rasa (which is basically the same as the 'banking concept'), and thinkers like John Dewey and Alfred North Whitehead were strongly critical of the transmission of mere 'facts' as the goal of education. Freire's work is one of the foundations of critical pedagogy." 11-05

28. -03-15-06 Mexico Makes "Huge" Oil Find (BBC News)
    "Mexican President Vicente Fox has announced the discovery of a new deep-water oil field, which is believed to contain 10bn barrels of crude."
    
    "With at least 3.4m barrels per day, Mexico is Latin America's largest crude producer ahead of Venezuela and Brazil, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA)."
    
    "The oil industry provides one third of the Mexican state income. More than half the crude extracted is exported, mainly to the United States." 03-06

29. -05-06-06 Kidnapping a Big Problem in Iraq (New York Times)
    "Kidnapping has flourished here [in Iraq] since the fall of Saddam Hussein, as insurgents, militias and criminal gangs have taken advantage of the breakdown in social order. Iraq has caught up with the traditional world leaders in kidnapping — like Colombia, Mexico and Brazil — and may have surpassed them. The vast majority of victims are Iraqis. Between 5 and 30 are abducted every day according to figures maintained by the American Embassy in Baghdad, though Iraqi and American officials acknowledge that any estimate is merely guesswork since most kidnappings go unreported." 05-06

30. Ants Rule (LiveScience.com)
    "Scientists estimate that about 20,000 ant species crawl the Earth. Taxonomists have classified more than 11,000 species, which account for at least one-third of all insect biomass. The combined heft of ants in the Brazilian Amazon is about four times greater than the combined mass of all of the mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, according to one survey." 01-07

31. Heroes of the Environment (Time.com)
    "We call the men and women on the following pages heroes, but they could just as easily be called speakers for the planet, a planet that is hanging, as one of them put it years ago, in the balance. Some are prophets of peril, like Australian scientist and activist Tim Flannery, who has ceaselessly warned of the dangers of climate change. Others diagnose our planet's ills, like D.P. Dobhal, who scales the shrinking glaciers of the Himalayas to track the globe's warming in real time. There are those ready with solutions, like Abul Hussam, a Bangladeshi chemist who found a simple, life-saving way to purify poisoned water. And there are those with a gift for bringing such solutions to the wider world, like solar tycoon Shi Zhengrong, who became one of the richest men in China by tapping the power of the sun."
    
    "They range from one end of this endangered earth to the other — from Kenya to Korea, Britain to Brazil, Canada to China. By their words and their actions, by their votes and even their checkbooks, TIME's environmental heroes have stepped into the silence, and in doing so, have given the earth a voice. It remains for the rest of us to listen — and join them." 10-07

32. Editorial: It's Too Late for "Later" (New York Times)
    "There was a chilling essay in The Jakarta Post last week by Andrio Adiwibowo, a lecturer in environmental management at the University of Indonesia. It was about how a smart plan to protect the mangrove forests around coastal Jakarta was never carried out, leading to widespread tidal flooding last month."
    
    "This line jumped out at me: 'The plan was not implemented. Instead of providing a buffer zone, development encroached into the core zone, which was covered over by concrete.' "
    
    "You could read that story in a hundred different developing countries today. But the fact that you read it here is one of the most important reasons that later has become extinct. Indonesia is second only to Brazil in terrestrial biodiversity and is No. 1 in the world in marine biodiversity. Just one and a half acres in Borneo contains more different tree species than all of North America — not to mention animals that don’t exist anywhere else on earth. If we lose them, there will be no later for some of the rarest plants and animals on the planet."
    
    "Indonesia is now losing tropical forests the size of Maryland every year, and the carbon released by the cutting and clearing — much of it from illegal logging — has made Indonesia the third largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the world, after the United States and China. Deforestation actually accounts for more greenhouse gas emissions than all the cars and trucks in the world, an issue the Bali conference finally addressed." 12-07

33. Algae as Biofuel in Texas (Wired.com)
    "PetroSun's gameplan is to extract algal oil on-site at the farms and transport it to company bideisel refineries via barge, rail or truck. The company plans to open more farms in Alabama, Arizona, Louisiana, Mexico, Brazil, and Australia in 2008."
    
    "Of all the options for future jet biofuel production, algae is considered one of the most viable. It yields 30 times more energy per acre than its closest competitor, and requires neither fresh water, arable land used for cultivation, or consumable food, giving it an advantage over ethanol. PetroSun asserts that an area the size of Maryland could produce enough algae biofuel to satisfy the entire fuel requirements of the United States."
    
    Editor's Note: Maryland has 12,407 square miles and is ranked 41st in size among states. 02-09

34. Tree Loss Responsible for Carbon Emissions (Time.com)
    "Tree loss accounts for at least 20% of global carbon emissions. What would help cap that output is an international market — similar to that in the power industry or manufacturing — that allows tropical nations to preserve their rainforests in exchange for selling the carbon emissions contained within them. That doesn't exist, in part because major tropical countries like Brazil and Indonesia have been reluctant to accept international carbon finance, for fear of losing control over their natural resources. But Indonesia — the world's third biggest carbon emitter, thanks chiefly to its high deforestation rates — now seems ready to open up. At California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger's climate summit in November, Indonesian officials announced their government would set up a regulatory framework for carbon forestry programs, and signed an agreement with California to help shepherd those projects. Translation: Indonesia appears ready to help wealthy California help Indonesia preserve its rapidly dwindling rainforests — and the climate will benefit." 02-09

35. -Report: Carbon Pollution to Grow by 40 Percent (MSNBC News)
    "The amount of heat-trapping carbon dioxide seeping into the atmosphere will increase by nearly 40 percent worldwide by 2030 if ways are not found to require mandatory emission reductions, a U.S. government report said Wednesday."
    
    "The EIA report said that "much of the increases in carbon dioxide emissions is projected to occur among the developing nations" including China and India."
    
    "It said 94 percent of the world's expected increase in industrial energy use between now and 2030 is expected in the economically developing countries, with Brazil, Russia, India and China expected to account for two-thirds of that growth." 05-09

36. South America - Travel Information by Location (Excite.Travel.com)
    Provides information on dining, where to stay, and interesting things to see. Search by city, state, or country. Includes Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile and Easter Island, Colombia, Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands, Falkland Islands, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. 3-02

37. Pictures of Famous Places (PicturesofPlaces.com)
    Provides pictures of many of the tourist spots. 5-02

38. Awesome Library in Portuguese (WorldLingo.com)
    Provides online translations of the Web. 7-02

39. Bolivia (Wikipedia.org)
    "The Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil in Portuguese) is the largest and most populous country in Latin America, and fifth largest in the world." "Exploiting vast natural resources and a large labor pool, it is today South America's leading economic power and a regional leader. A former colony of Portugal, Portuguese is its official language." 11-05

40. Dengue Fever (Wikipedia.org)
    "Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are acute febrile diseases, found in the tropics and Africa, and caused by four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae.[1] The geographical spread is similar to malaria, but unlike malaria, dengue is often found in urban areas of developed tropical nations, including Singapore, Taiwan, Indonesia, India and Brazil. Each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur." 03-08

41. -01-24-09 Sepsis Kills International Model (CNN News)
    "Brazilian model Mariana Bridi da Costa, whose hands and feet were amputated in a bid to save her from a deadly and little-known illness, died early Saturday, two friends of the model told CNN."
    
    "A doctor who recently published an article in The New England Journal of Medicine on the disease, told CNN that little was known about the illness, although it is the tenth leading cause of deaths in the United States." 01-09

42. Controversy Over Child's Abortion Re-Ignited (Time.com)
    "The Catholic Church (and Pope Benedict XVI) were presented with a public relations powder keg last March when news broke that a nine-year-old Brazilian girl underwent an abortion after she'd been raped and impregnated with twins by her stepfather. Catholics from Sao Paolo to Paris were outraged after the swift public declaration by the local archbishop, Jose Cardoso Sobrinho, that the girl's family, as well as the doctors who performed the abortion, were automatically excommunicated. Monsignor Rino Fisichella, a solidly traditionalist Rome prelate considered close to Benedict, tried to soften the Church's approach on the Brazilian case by writing in the Vatican's official newspaper L'Osservatore Romano that the girl 'should have been defended, hugged and held tenderly to help her feel that we were all on her side.' "
    
    "In a tucked away "clarification" published on page 7 of a recent edition of L'Osservatore Romano, the Vatican produced a document that unequivocally confirmed automatic excommunication for anyone involved in an abortion — even in such a situation as dire as the Brazilian case." 07-09