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News -05-30-05 Britain and Others Assess French Rejection of EU Constitution (Guardian Unlimited) "Britain and other members of "new Europe" are planning to challenge Jacques Chirac to declare whether the EU constitution is dead or alive after the emphatic French no in Sunday's referendum." 5-05 -05-30-05 French Reject EU Constitutions (CBS News) "French voters rejected the European Union's proposed constitution Sunday, dealing a staggering blow to efforts to further unify the 25-nation bloc by giving it a common charter and more power on the global stage." 5-05 -06-01-05 Dutch Reject European Union Constitution (Bloomberg.com) "The veto reflects concern that the Netherlands, the biggest donor to the EU's budget on a per capita basis, is losing sovereignty and influence in the enlarged 25-member bloc, Dutch Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende said. The rejection will probably kill the treaty, which requires the assent of all EU members to take effect. The euro dropped below $1.22 for the first time since September." 6-05 -06-02-05 Why the Dutch Said "No" to the European Union Constitution (BBC News) "Some voters evidently did want a social Europe, and voted 'No' for that reason, but many others said 'No' for quite different reasons." 6-05 -06-05-05 Swiss Vote for EU Passport-Free Zone (ABC News) "Independent-minded Swiss voters gave the shaken European Union a vote of confidence Sunday, approving participation in an EU passport-free zone even though Switzerland has never joined the 25-nation bloc." 6-05 06-01-05 Dutch Reject European Union Constitution (CNN) "Voters in the Netherlands soundly rejected the proposed European Union constitution Wednesday, three days after France gave it a thumbs-down." 6-05 06-14-03 European Union Completes Its Constitution (Independent) "The European Union's first constitution was finally published yesterday. Almost 16 months of work on revamping Europe's creaking structures concluded with champagne and a rendition of Beethoven's 'Ode to Joy'." The draft must still be approved to be final. "The French Foreign Minister, Dominique de Villepin, said the draft would make Europe a key player on the world stage. Britain's government representative, Peter Hain, described it as 'a foundation for a modern, more democratic Europe, better anchored to its nation states and more accountable to its citizens'." 6-03 08-28-02 Europeans Abandon Alternate Energy Plans (Independent - Lean) "Hopes that world leaders would agree to boost renewable energy, such as wind and solar power, were dealt a devastating blow yesterday when European Union negotiators abandoned attempts to press for it." 10-20-02 Ireland Votes to Join the European Union (CNN News) "The European Union heaved a sigh of relief and welcomed the Irish referendum decision to ratify the Treaty of Nice." 10-20-02 Ireland Votes to Join the European Union (CNN News) "The European Union heaved a sigh of relief and welcomed the Irish referendum decision to ratify the Treaty of Nice." 12-13-02 European Union Expands by 10 Nations (CBS News) "Setting the stage for its largest expansion ever, European Union leaders agreed Friday on financial terms with 10 countries, mostly from the formerly communist east, to bring them into the union in 2004." "It will be the first expansion since Austria, Finland and Sweden joined in 1995, bringing the current total to 15 countries." "With the new members, the EU will surpass the North American Free Trade Agreement as the world's largest market, with 445 million people compared to NAFTA's 416 million." "The 10 candidates — Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia and the Mediterranean islands of Cyprus and Malta — are to join in May 2004." "Their entry will be the EU's largest, most ambitious expansion ever and one that carries huge political significance, for it will erase the continent's Cold War divide." 12-02 12-13-03 European Summit Breaks Down (BBC News) "European Union leaders have failed to reach agreement on a constitution at a crucial summit in Brussels."  "The talks broke down over the voting rights states will have after the EU expands from 10 to 25 members in May." "Poland and Spain insisted on keeping the voting rights already secured, while France and Germany want a system to reflect their bigger populations." 12-03 Papers Euro Currency (CNN News) Discusses the short history of the standard of exchange in many European countries, the Euro Dollar. "Eleven member states -- Belgium, Germany, France, Spain, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal and Finland -- joined in an initial wave of single currency participants after satisfying a series of economic conditions decreed by the EU. Greece was waved in as the 12th member and joined the eurozone in January 2001." "European nations hoping to join the single currency must satisfy a number of strict economic conditions." "Countries must keep their government budget deficit below 3 percent of gross domestic product, maintain low inflation, and produce a domestic surplus. Public debt can account for no more than 60 percent of GDP." 10-02 Euro Dollar (Europa) Explains the new Euro currency that was adopted by 12 European countries in January 2002. 1-02 Euro Dollar (Guardian Unlimited) Provides pictures of the new Euro currency. 1-02 Euro Dollar Introduced (Washington Post - Reid) Describes the switch to the Euro currency by 12 European countries. 1-02 Euro Dollar Milestones (Europa) Provides key milestones of the Euro currency, starting in 1958. 1-02 Euro Dollar Milestones (Independent News) Provides key milestones of the Euro currency, starting in 1957. 1-02 Euro Dollar Milestones (Washington Post) Provides key milestones of the Euro currency, starting January of 1999. 1-02 Expansion - Defense Role Changing (CNN News) Europe has committed to developing a new military force. "The new force, which will take on conflict resolution, peacekeeping and humanitarian duties where NATO chooses not to get involved, is intended to be up and running by 2003. The aim is to develop the resources and the wider pool to be able to call up 60,000 troops within 60 days and to sustain an operation for at least a year." 10-02 Expansion - Europe Under Rapid Expansion (CNN News) "Before the decade is out, the EU may absorb up to a dozen or more new members -- including 10 ex-communist states. It is a move that would stretch its land mass by a third and swell its population by more than 100 million, to almost half a billion." 10-02

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