Papers Stingrays (Elasmo-Research.org) "Very little is known about the biology of most skates and rays - including stingrays - because they have been largely overshadowed by their more infamous relatives, the sharks. This is unfortunate, as these 'pancake sharks' are fascinating creatures in their own right." 09-06 Stingrays (Wikipedia.org) "Their stinger is a razor-sharp, barbed or serrated cartilaginous spine which grows from the ray's whip-like tail (like a fingernail). It is coated with a toxic venom. This gives them their common name of stingrays, but that name can also be used to refer to any poisonous ray." 09-06

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